Leadership Is The Best Course Of Action For Leadership

Leadership is a complex subject, but for our purposes can be defined as the act of one person influencing another person or group of people towards a common purpose that is beneficial for both the leader and their followers. Many approaches have been taken by academics in attempting to understand what leadership is at its core. Useful information has been unearthed by studying leadership qualities in individuals and by studying the dynamic between leader and follower. However, the abstractness of these studies left researches at somewhat of a loss for practical and relevant information, that is until research began on the observable behavior of leaders. The Style Approach is a useful way to look at the leader-follower relationship because it incorporates elements of behaviorist psychology and applies them to the study leadership as a phenomenon. The goal of this essay is to use observable behavior in the context of the Leadership Grid to determine the best course of action for l eadership in any scenario. Findings on Leadership via the Style Approach The Style Approach differs from other ways of understanding leadership in that it is focused on the here and now rather than traits or tendencies which are more difficult to quantify. This approach allows room for the subject of a study to change over time, rather than being rigidly casted as something because they displayed certain characteristics at a certain time. It also eliminates the idea that a leader depends uponShow MoreRelatedCommand Leadership Course From The United States1692 Words   |  7 Pageshave some form of introductory leadership training. 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She is capable of precluding them from getting harm or maybe having singular experiences just to make them feel safe. The mother will support her offspring on each decision they make, even the dumbest ones. From father, there is aRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leaders And Styles Of Leadership1590 Words   |  7 Pagesobligation to be a leader (Dufour, Marzano, 2011). Leadership defined by Owen (2002) is, â€Å"A journey of discovery. It is the expression of a person at his or her best whose aim is to transform something for the better and to develop this potential in others. It is not a solitary pursuit but one that harnesses the energy of those around you. Leadership is a process in which leaders and followers engage to achieve mutual goals. 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Forward the Foundation Chapter 13 Free Essays

16 Gambol Deen Namarti was not, at even the best of times, noted for his politeness and suavity-and the approaching climax of a decade of planning had left his disposition sour. He rose from his chair with some agitation and said, â€Å"You’ve taken your time getting here, Andorin.† Andorin shrugged. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 13 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"But I’m here.† â€Å"And this young man of yours-this remarkable tool that you’re touting. Where is he?† â€Å"He’ll be here eventually.† â€Å"Why not now?† Andorin’s rather handsome head seemed to sink a bit, as though he were lost in thought or coming to a decision, and then he said abruptly, â€Å"I don’t want to bring him until I know where I stand.† â€Å"What does that mean?† â€Å"Simple words in Galactic Standard. How long has it been your aim to get rid of Hari Seldon?† â€Å"Always! Always! Is that so hard to understand? We deserve revenge for what he did to Jo-Jo. Even if he hadn’t done that, since he’s the First Minister, we’d have to put him out of the way.† â€Å"But it’s Cleon-Cleon-who must be brought down. If not only he, then at least he, in addition to Seldon.† â€Å"Why does a figurehead concern you?† â€Å"You weren’t born yesterday. I’ve never had to explain my part in this because you’re not so ignorant a fool as not to know. What can I possibly care about your plans if they don’t include a replacement on the throne?† Namarti laughed. â€Å"Of course. I’ve known for a long time that you look upon me as your footstool, your way of climbing up to the Imperial throne.† â€Å"Would you expect anything else?† â€Å"Not at all. I will do the planning, take the chances, and then, when all is quite done, you gather in the reward. It makes sense, doesn’t it?† â€Å"Yes, it does make sense, for the reward will be yours, too. Won’t you become the First Minister? Won’t you be able to count on the full support of a new Emperor, one who is filled with gratitude? Won’t I be†-and his face twisted with irony as he spat out the words-â€Å"the new figurehead?† â€Å"Is that what you plan to be? A figurehead?† â€Å"I plan to be the Emperor. I supplied advances of credit when you had none. I supplied the cadre when you had none. I supplied the respectability you needed to build a large organization here in Wye. I can still withdraw everything I’ve brought in.† â€Å"I don’t think so.† â€Å"Do you want to risk it? Don’t think you can treat me the way you treated Kaspalov, either. If anything happens to me, Wye will become uninhabitable for you and yours-and you will find that no other sector will supply you with what you need.† Namarti sighed. â€Å"Then you insist on having the Emperor killed.† â€Å"I didn’t say ‘killed.’ I said `brought down.’ The details I leave to you.† This last statement was accompanied with an almost dismissive wave of the hand, a flick of the wrist, as if Andorin were already sitting on the Imperial throne. â€Å"And then you’ll be Emperor?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"No, you won’t. You’ll be dead-and not at my hands, either. Andorin, let me teach you some of the facts of life. If Cleon is killed, then the matter of the succession comes up and, to avoid civil war, the Imperial Guard will at once kill every member of the Wyan Mayoral family they can find-you first of all. On the other hand, if only the First Minister is killed, you will be safe.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"A First Minister is only a First Minister. They come and go. It is possible that Cleon himself may have grown tired of him and arranged the murder. Certainly we would see to it that rumors of this sort are spread. The Imperial Guard would hesitate and would give us a chance to put the new government into place. Indeed, it is quite possible that they themselves would be grateful for the end of Seldon.† â€Å"And with the new government in place, what am I to do? Keep on waiting? Forever?† â€Å"No. Once I’m First Minister, there will be ways of dealing with Cleon. I may even be able to do something with the Imperial Guard-and even with the security establishment-and use them all as my instruments. I will then manage to find some safe way of getting rid of Cleon and replacing him with you.† Andorin burst out, â€Å"Why should you?† Namarti said, â€Å"What do you mean, why should I?† â€Å"You have a personal grudge against Seldon. Once he is gone, why should you run unnecessary risks at the highest level? You will make your peace with Cleon and I will have to retire to my crumbling estate and my impossible dreams. And perhaps, to play it safe, you will have me killed.† Namarti said, â€Å"No! Cleon was born to the throne. He comes from several generations of Emperors-the proud Entun Dynasty. He would he very difficult to handle, a plague. You, on the other hand, would come to the throne as a member of a new dynasty, without any strong ties to tradition, for the previous Wyan Emperors were, you will admit, totally undistinguished. You will be seated on a shaky throne and will need someone to support you-me. And I will need someone who is dependent upon me and whom I can therefore handle you. Come, Andorin, ours is not a marriage of love, which fades in a year; it is a marriage of convenience, which can last as long as we both live. Let us trust each other.† â€Å"You swear I will be Emperor.† â€Å"What good would swearing do if you couldn’t trust my word? Let us say I would find you an extraordinarily useful Emperor and I would want you to replace Cleon as soon as that can safely be managed. Now introduce me to this man you think will be the perfect tool for your purposes.† â€Å"Very well. And remember what makes him different. I have studied him. He’s a not-very-bright idealist. He will do what he’s told, unconcerned by danger, unconcerned by second thoughts. And he exudes a kind of trustworthiness so that his victim will trust him, even if he has a blaster in his hand.† â€Å"I find that impossible to believe.† â€Å"Wait till you meet him,† said Andorin. 17 Raych kept his eyes down. He had taken a quick look at Namarti and it was all he needed. He had met the man ten years before, when Raych had been sent to lure Jo-Jo Joranum to his destruction, and one look was more than enough. Namarti had changed little in ten years. Anger and hatred were still the dominant characteristics one could see in him-or that Raych could see in him, at any rate, for he realized he was not an impartial witness-and those seemed to have marinated him into leathery permanence. His face was a trifle more gaunt, his hair was flecked with gray, but his thin-lipped mouth was set in the same harsh line and his dark eyes were as brilliantly dangerous as ever. That was enough and Raych kept his eyes averted. Namarti, he felt, was not the type of person who would take to someone who could stare lm straight in the face. Namarti seemed to devour Raych with his own eyes, but the slight sneer his face always seemed to wear remained. He turned to Andorin, who stood uneasily to one side, and said, quite;is though the subject of conversation were not present, â€Å"This is the man, then.† Andorin nodded and his lips moved in a soundless â€Å"Yes, Chief.† Namarti said to Raych abruptly, â€Å"Your name.† â€Å"Planchet, sir.† â€Å"You believe in our cause?† â€Å"Yes, sir.† He spoke carefully, in accordance with Andorin’s instructions. â€Å"I am a democrat and want greater participation of the people in the governmental process.† Namarti’s eyes flicked in Andorin’s direction. â€Å"A speechmaker.† He looked back at Raych. â€Å"Are you willing to undertake risks for the cause?† â€Å"Any risk, sir.† â€Å"You will do as you are told? No questions? No hanging back?† â€Å"I will follow orders.† â€Å"Do you know anything about gardening?† Raych hesitated. â€Å"No, sir.† â€Å"You’re a Trantorian, then? Born under the dome?† â€Å"I was born in Millimaru, sir, and I was brought up in Dahl.† â€Å"Very well,† said Namarti. Then to Andorin, â€Å"Take him out and deliver him temporarily to the men waiting there. They will take good care of him. Then come back, Andorin. I want to speak to you.† When Andorin returned, a profound change had come over Namarti. His eyes were glittering and his mouth was twisted into a feral grin. â€Å"Andorin,† he said, â€Å"the gods we spoke of the other day are with us to an extent I couldn’t have imagined.† â€Å"I told you the man was suitable for our purposes.† â€Å"Far more suitable than you think. You know, of course, the tale of how Hari Seldon our revered First Minister, sent his son-or foster son, rather-to see Joranum and to set the trap into which Joranum, against my advice, fell.† â€Å"Yes,† said Andorin, nodding wearily, â€Å"I know the story.† He said it with the air of one who knew the story entirely too well. â€Å"I saw that boy only that once, but his image burned into my brain. Do you suppose that ten years’ passage and false heels and a shaved mustache could fool me? That Planchet of yours is Raych, the foster son of Hari Seldon.† Andorin paled and held his breath for a moment. He said, â€Å"Are you sure of that, Chief?† â€Å"As sure as I am that you’re standing here in front of me and that you have introduced an enemy into our midst.† â€Å"I had no idea-â€Å" â€Å"Don’t get nervous,† said Namarti. â€Å"I consider it the best thing you have ever done in your idle aristocratic life. You have played the role that the gods have marked out for you. If I had not known who he was, he might have fulfilled the function for which he was undoubtedly intended: to be a spy in our midst and an informant of our most secret plans. But since I know who he is, it won’t work that way. Instead, we now have everything.† Namarti rubbed his hands together in delight and, haltingly, as if he realized how far out of character it was for him, he smiled-and laughed. 18 Manella said thoughtfully, â€Å"I guess I won’t be seeing you anymore, Planchet.† Raych was drying himself after his shower. â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"Gleb Andorin doesn’t want me to.† â€Å"Why not?† Manella shrugged her smooth shoulders. â€Å"He says you have important work to do and no more time to fool around. Maybe he means you’ll get a better job.† Raych stiffened. â€Å"What kind of work? Did he mention anything in particular?† â€Å"No, but he said he would be going to the Imperial Sector.† â€Å"Did he? Does he often tell you things like that?† â€Å"You know how it is, Planchet. When a fellow’s in bed with you, he talks a lot.† â€Å"I know,† said Raych, who was always careful not to. â€Å"What else does he say?† â€Å"Why do you ask?† She frowned a bit. â€Å"He always asks about you, too. I noticed that about men. They’re curious about each other. Why is that, do you suppose?† â€Å"What do you tell him about me?† â€Å"Not much. Just that you’re a very decent sort of guy. Naturally I don’t tell him that I like you better than I like him. That would hurt his feelings-and it might hurt me, too.† Raych was getting dressed. â€Å"So it’s good-bye, then.† â€Å"For a while, I suppose. Gleb may change his mind. Of course, I’d like to go to the Imperial Sector-if he’d take me. I’ve never been there.† Raych almost slipped, but he managed to cough, then said, â€Å"I’ve never been there, either.† â€Å"It’s got the biggest buildings and the nicest places and the fanciest restaurants-and that’s where the rich people live. I’d like to meet some rich people-besides Gleb, I mean.† Raych said, â€Å"I suppose there’s not much you can get out of a person like me.† â€Å"You’re all right. You can’t think of credits all the time, but you’ve got to think of them some of the time. Especially since I think Gleb is getting tired of me.† Raych felt compelled to say, â€Å"No one could get tired of you,† and then found, a little to his own confusion, that he meant it. Manella said, â€Å"That’s what men always say, but you’d be surprised. Anyway, it’s been good, you and I, Planchet. Take care of yourself and, who knows, we may see each other again.† Raych nodded and found himself at a loss for words. There was no way in which he could say or do anything to express his feelings. He turned his mind in other directions. He had to find out what the Namarti people were planning. If they were separating him from Manella, the crisis must be rapidly approaching. All he had to go on was that odd question about gardening. Nor could he get any further information back to Seldon. He had been kept under close scrutiny since his meeting with Namarti and all avenues of communication were cut off-surely another indication of an approaching crisis. But if he were to find out what was going on only after it was done-and if he could communicate the news only after it was no longer news-he would have failed. 19 Hari Seldon was not having a good day. He had not heard from Raych since his first communique; he had no idea what was happening. Aside from his natural concern for Raych’s safety (surely he would hear if something really bad had happened), there was his uneasiness over what might be planned. It would have to be subtle. A direct attack on the Palace itself was totally out of the question. Security there was far too tight. But if so, what else could be planned that would be sufficiently effective? The whole thing was keeping him awake at night and distracted by day. The signal light flashed. â€Å"First Minister. Your two o’clock appointment, sir-â€Å" â€Å"What two o’clock appointment is this?† â€Å"Mandell Gruber, the gardener. He has the necessary certification.† Seldon remembered. â€Å"Yes. Send him in.† This was no time to see Gruber, but he had agreed to it in a moment of weakness-the man had seemed distraught. A First Minister should not have such moments of weakness, but Seldon had been Seldon long before he had become First:Minister. â€Å"Come in, Gruber,† he said kindly. Gruber stood before him, head ducking mechanically, eyes darting this way and that. Seldon was quite certain the gardener had never been in any room as magnificent as this one and he had the bitter urge to say: â€Å"Do you like it? Please take it. I don’t want it.† But he only said, â€Å"What is it, Gruber? Why are you so unhappy† There was no immediate answer; Gruber merely smiled vacantly. Seldon said, â€Å"Sit down, man. Right there in that chair.† â€Å"Oh no, First Minister. It would not be fitting. I’ll get it dirty.† â€Å"If you do, it will be easy to clean. Do as I say. Good! Now just sit there a minute or two and gather your thoughts. Then, when you are ready, tell me what’s the matter.† Gruber sat silent for a moment, then the words came out in a panting rush. â€Å"First Minister. It is Chief Gardener I am to be. The blessed Emperor himself told me so.† â€Å"Yes, I have heard of that, but that surely isn’t what is troubling you. Your new post is a matter of congratulations and I do congratulate you. I may even have contributed to it, Gruber. I have never forgotten your bravery at the time I was nearly killed and you can be sure I mentioned it to His Imperial Majesty. It is a suitable reward, Gruber, and you would deserve the promotion in any case, for it is quite clear from your record that you are fully qualified for the post. So, now that that’s out of the way, tell me what is troubling you.† â€Å"First Minister, it is the very post and promotion that’s troubling me. It is something I cannot manage, for I am not qualified.† â€Å"We are convinced you are.† Gruber grew agitated. â€Å"And is it in an office I will have to sit? I can’t sit in an office. I could not go out in the open air and work with the plants and animals. I would be in prison, First Minister.† Seldon’s eyes opened wide. â€Å"No such thing, Gruber. You needn’t stay in the office longer than you have to. You could wander around the grounds freely, supervising everything. You will have all the outdoors you want and you will merely spare yourself the hard work.† â€Å"I want the hard work, First Minister, and it’s no chance at all they will let me come out of the office. I have watched the present Chief Gardener. He couldn’t leave his office, though he wanted to, ever so. There is too much administration, too much bookkeeping. Sure, if he wants to know what is going on, we must go to his office to tell him. He watches things on holovision â€Å"-he said with infinite contempt â€Å"as though you can tell anything about growing, living things from pictures. It is not for me, First Minister.† â€Å"Come, Gruber, be a man. It’s not all that bad. You’ll get used to it. You’ll work your way in slowly.† Gruber shook his head. â€Å"First off-at the very first-I will have to deal with all the new gardeners. I’ll be buried.† Then, with sudden energy, â€Å"It is a job I do not want and must not have, First Minister.† â€Å"Right now, Gruber, perhaps you don’t want the job, but you are not alone. I’ll tell you that right now I wish I were not First Minister. This job is too much for me. I even have a notion that there are times when the Emperor himself is tired of his Imperial robes. We’re all in this Galaxy to do our work and the work isn’t always pleasant.† â€Å"I understand that, First Minister, but the Emperor must be Emperor, for he was born to that. And you must be First Minister, for there is no one else who can do the job. But in my case, it is just Chief Gardener we are ruminating upon. There are fifty gardeners in the place who could do it as well as I could and who wouldn’t mind the office. You say that you spoke to the Emperor about how I tried to help you. Can’t you speak to him again and explain that if he wants to reward me for what I did, he can leave me as I am?† Seldon leaned back in his chair and said solemnly, â€Å"Gruber, I would do that for you if I could, but I must explain something to you and I can only hope that you will understand it. The Emperor, in theory, is absolute ruler of the Empire. In actual fact, there is very little he can do. I run the Empire right now much more than he does and there is very little I can do, too. There are millions and billions of people at all levels of government, all making decisions, all making mistakes, some acting wisely and heroically, some acting foolishly and thievishly. There’s no controlling them. Do you understand me, Gruber?† â€Å"I do, but what has this to do with my case?† â€Å"Because there is only one place where the Emperor is really absolute ruler-and that is over the Imperial grounds. Here, his word is law and the layers of officials beneath him are few enough for him to handle. For him to be asked to rescind a decision he has made in connection with the Imperial Palace grounds would be to invade the only area that he would consider inviolate. If I were to say, ‘Take back your decision on Gruber, Your Imperial Majesty,’ he would be much more likely to relieve me of my duties than to take back his decision. That might be a good thing for me, but it wouldn’t help you any.† Gruber said, â€Å"Does that mean there’s no way things can be changed?† â€Å"That’s exactly what it means. But don’t worry, Gruber, I’ll help you all I can. I’m sorry. But now I have really spent all the time with you that I am able to spare.† Gruber rose to his feet. In his hands he twisted his green gardening cap. There was more than a suspicion of tears in his eyes. â€Å"Thank you, First Minister. I know you would like to help. You’re-you’re a good man, First Minister.† He turned and left, sorrowing. Seldon looked after him thoughtfully and shook his head. Multiply Gruber’s woes by a quadrillion and you would have the woes of all the people of the twenty-five million worlds of the Empire and how was he, Seldon, to work out salvation for all of them, when he was helpless to solve the problem of one single man who had come to him for help? Psychohistory could not save one man. Could it save a quadrillion? He shook his head again, checked the nature and time of his next appointment, and then suddenly stiffened. He shouted into his communications wire in sudden wild abandon, quite unlike his usually strict control. â€Å"Get that gardener back! Get him back here right now!† 20 â€Å"What’s this about new gardeners?† exclaimed Seldon. This time he did not ask Gruber to sit down. Gruber’s eyes blinked rapidly. He was in a panic at having been recalled so unexpectedly. â€Å"N-new g-gardeners?† he stammered. â€Å"You said ‘all the new gardeners.’ Those were your words. What new gardeners?† Gruber was astonished. â€Å"Sure, if there is a new Chief Gardener, there will be new gardeners. It is the custom.† â€Å"I have never heard of this.† â€Å"The last time we had a change of Chief Gardeners, you were not First Minister. It is likely you were not even on Trantor.† â€Å"But what’s it all about?† â€Å"Well, gardeners are never discharged. Some die. Some grow too old and are pensioned off and replaced. Still, by the time a new Chief Gardener is ready for his duties, at least half the staff is aged and beyond their best years. They are all pensioned off generously and new gardeners are brought in.† â€Å"For youth.† â€Å"Partly and partly because by that time there are usually new plans for the gardens and it is new ideas and new schemes we must have. There are almost five hundred square kilometers in the gardens and parklands and it usually takes some years to reorganize it and it is myself who will have to supervise it all. Please, First Minister.† Gruber was gasping. â€Å"Surely a clever man like your own self can find a way to change the blessed Emperor’s mind.† Seldon paid no attention. His forehead was creased in concentration. â€Å"Where do the new gardeners come from?† â€Å"There are examinations on all the worlds-there are always people waiting to serve as replacements. They’ll be coming in by the hundreds in a dozen batches. It will take me a year, at the least-â€Å" â€Å"From where do they come? From where?† â€Å"From any of a million worlds. We want a variety of horticultural knowledge. Any citizen of the Empire can qualify.† â€Å"From Trantor, too?† â€Å"No, not from Trantor. There is no one from Trantor in the gardens.† His voice grew contemptuous. â€Å"You can’t get a gardener out of Trantor. The parks they have here under the dome aren’t gardens. They are potted plants and the animals are in cages. Trantorians, poor specimens that they are, know nothing about open air, free water, and the true balance of nature.† â€Å"All right, Gruber. I will now give you a job. It will be up to you to get me the names of every new gardener scheduled to arrive over the coming weeks. Everything about them. Name. World. Reference number. Education. Experience. Everything. I want it all here on my desk just as quickly as possible. I’m going to send people to help you. People with machines. What kind of a computer do you use?† â€Å"Only a simple one for keeping track of plantings and species and things like that.† â€Å"All right. The people I send will be able to do anything you can’t do. I can’t tell you how important this is.† â€Å"If I should do this-â€Å" â€Å"Gruber, this is not the time to make bargains. Fail me and you will not be Chief Gardener. Instead, you will be discharged without a pension.† Alone again, Seldon barked into his communication wire, â€Å"Cancel all appointments for the rest of the afternoon.† He then let his body flop in his chair, feeling every bit of his fifty years and feeling his headache worsen. For years, for decades, security had been built up around the Imperial Palace grounds, thicker, more solid, more impenetrable, as each new layer and each new device was added. And every once in a while, hordes of strangers were let into the grounds. No questions asked, probably, but one: â€Å"Can you garden?† The stupidity involved was too colossal to grasp. And he had barely caught it in time. Or had he? Was he, even now, too late? How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 13, Essay examples

Manage People Performance Policies on Employee Performance

Question: Discuss about theManage People Performancefor Policies on Employee Performance. Answer: Introduction This report is divided into two parts. In task one, the report is basically on the operational plan including task and resource requirement and performance management policies and procedures of a company. For the analysis, the company named Coles group is taken. The report is focused on the performance management policy which includes job specification, resource requirement, time management, supervision and training etc. after that, second task is based on the case study related to discipline and termination of an employee. This part is mainly focused on the risk analysis. Coming on the first task, Coles group is the famous and largest supermarket in the Australia. The company is supplementary of Wesfarmers. This company was found in the year 1914 in Melbourne. In present time the company has around 770 outlets across the Australia and there are around 1, 00,000 employees in the company. The company is also doing its operations by online marketing to acquire more and more customers. Company has a good customer service also. Company offers attracting products by lowering the price such as weekly shopping basket and delivers better shopping experience to the customers. The strategy of the company is to build deeper and long term relationship with bits suppliers and business partners. Coles is well known company among the customers because off wonderful customer service and quality of products. The report will be focused on the operational plan of Coles Group including time management, supervision and training etc (Coles, 2016). Performance Management Policy and Procedures Performance management refers to the process which includes the effective management of individual and team to achieve the high level of performance. The performance management focuses on establishing the culture and environment in which individual or group of employees take responsibility of the business operations and improves the skills and behavior. Effective performance management includes set the targets, observe and review the performance and repeat the cycle to achieve the organizational and individual goals and objectives (Tasmania Prison Service, 2014). Performance management policy of Coles Group includes some points: Job Specification: Roles of responsibilities should be clear in the job. The post holder should review the job specification and role profile. Change in the roles in sometimes can be difficult for the employees to perform. Along with this, job specification should be reviewed by the managers and employees on yearly basis to see the change that may be happening in the role. Resource requirement: The focus of the performance management should be identifying the resources required to improve the performance of individual or group. The managers and higher authority should support the employees to utilize the available resources in the organization for improving the performance. Time management: The aim of performance management is manage the time for achieving goals and objectives. It is very important to set the targets and timescales for improvement in the performance. Time management is the key of success. Policy Introduction: To improve employee performance, company should address appropriate and effective HR policies such as capability policy and disciplinary policy. These policies are necessary for the improvement of individual as well as company also. This is the responsibility of managers to introduce his employees about the policy documents and the relevant procedures and policies. Performance management system: Performance management system is an important part for the improvement of the performance of individual or team by developing effectiveness of employees. It should include performance policies, and performance appraisal, system. The Performance management systems should be based on the managing individual performance and maintaining communication between employees and manager. Performance review objectives: Managers should review and appraise the performance of employees periodically. Performance review should be held time to time to help the employees to improve their performance. Managers should note the date of observations. Information regarding performance review should be confidential to avoid the conflicts. Performance Review roles and responsibilities: There are the responsibilities of manager and supervisor to review the performance of the employees. After observation, the role of the manager should be to complete the performance and appraisal form. Manager should give rating to those employees who have better performance. Employees should take actions to improve the performance according to the given ratings. Performance rating should be checked and approved by the higher authority. Supervision and training: After the rating, the employees who are low in their performance need training and supervision. The result of training is that employees will be aware about the performance management system by the training. Managers should conduct training sessions and learning modules for employees regarding work and profile to achieve the goals and objectives. Head of the company should ensure that training and development is necessary for the employees. Performance review guidelines: There are guidelines for performance review which help the managers to conduct an effective performance review. Performance review of employees should be done yearly by the managers during the performance rating time. The supervisor of the employees must conduct the performance review as the part of his job expectations. The performance review form of companys employees must be used to evaluate the employees performance. Any other evaluation form must not be used. Evaluation of job performance must be fair, objective and reliable during the process. The reviewing part must include performance factor, behavior, and job profile of the employees. In the performance review form, there must be performance expectations and goals for the performance goals. Managers should give the chance to employees to review their own performance. For this purpose, one of blank performance review form must be use by the employees. Employees must be encouraged to join training regarding performance review provided by the Human Resource Team. Application of award: There should be awards and recognition system in the company for those employees who are performing well. Managers must have knowledge when they have to held awards and recognition programs. To motivate the employees for improving performance, award system is most important part of performance management system. Other process: There must be process related to other management processes such as salary reviews, availability of resources in the company, relevant and required documents for the performance review, the date on that review was conducted. The information of performance review must be confidential in the documents. Policy Template: Policy Name: Performance management Plan Policy Number: Contact Officer: Date Approved: Date for next review: Overview: The policy helps and encourages the employees of Coles Group to achieve the goals and objectives and maintain the work standards. Aims and Objectives: The policy provides the framework to improve the performance of the employees in the Coles Group. Unit Team: The managers of Coles Group must form a team to manage and review the performance of the employees. Responsibility for performance management and Training: The policy helps to identify the current performance of the employees in the Coles group to achieve the goals. Policy Implementation: Implementation of policy must be in four parts i.e. Planning, managing, reviewing and recognition and rewarding performance. Managers responsibility: Responsibility of managers in Coles Group must be reviewing and giving ratings according to the performance of employees. Employees Responsibility: Employee must fill the review form by self reviewing. By self review they will be able to know their strengths and weaknesses. Performance management framework: In the phase of framework, goals and objectives are to be set for the employees of the Coles Group to increase their motivation. Equity: All the employees should be treating equal and they must get equal chance to utilize the available resources in the Coles Group. Performance management KPIs: Performance of the employees in the Coles Group must be reviewed on the basis of performance factor, behavior, and job profile of the employees. Funding: Company must have sufficient funds for the training and development programs of the employees. Performance Management Procedure Performance management procedure refers to the process adopted by the managers for planning, reviewing, and improving the performance of the individual or team in the Coles Group. The procedures in the Coles group are taken: Performance review Procedure: In this procedure, every employee in Coles Group must take part in the two reviews each year. The reviews will the yearly review and interim review. Reviews will be conducted in every 6 months. The procedure will be on the basis of development of the employees. Coaching Procedure: In this procedure, supervisor must communicate with the employees about job profile, roles and responsibilities. It will help the employees of Coles Group to developing their performance by regular performance feedback. Disciplinary Procedure: This process will help the employees to tell that what improvement is needed and give the chance to employees to put their difficulties in front of managers. With the help of this procedure, employees of the Coles Group would be able to raise the issue before their managers. Grievance Procedures: This procedure can be used by the Coles Group to solve the conflicts within the company. The process would be helpful for the company to sort out the conflicts raised because of any reason. Performance Procedure: Procedure: Task description: Department: SOP: Approved By: Date: Procedure: Action Number Action Description Standard Required Who 1. Stage 1 HR manager send to review form to the each employee HR to Employee 2. Stage 2 Employees do self review process. Employees 3. Stage 3 Review Form sent to the managers of the employees and managers give ratings Employees to managers 4. Stage 4 Manager send those forms to HR team Managers to HR 5 Stage 5 HR team send those rating from to higher Authority HR to higher authority 6 Stage 6 Higher authority check and approve that performance management procedure Higher authority (CEO or Directors) Task 2 By using the Sams case, it can be said that there are many conditions of misconduct in the work place i.e. using bad language, aggressive behavior, fraud with the company, dishonesty with the work, lateness on the workplace, illegal work on the work place, misuse of resources, misuse of policies and rules, unethical behavior with other employees etc. these can be some misconduct be serious misconduct which can be happen on the workplace. The legislation applied in similar to Sams case can be criminal code in s 245. According to this law, if a person strike to other person directly or indirectly, is said to the assault that other person and the act are called an assault. This law may be applied by the company in the case of Sam. Organization can implement the policies i.e. to establish the code of conduct for rules and regulations and to replace or change who procedure in this regard. Company can give a written warning to the employee who is doing misconduct and take disciplinary actions against misconduct to consider the termination fair. The documents that company would have to develop to evidence that it has implemented a process to support non-performing employees can be performance management review form. This is the form collected by the managers after rating the performance of the employees within the company. Conclusion To sum up, the report basically has been based on the performance management plan and procedure in two different cases. The analysis of both the cases has been done individually. In the first task, the report has been focused on the performance management policy of Coles Group which includes job specification, resource requirement, time management, supervision and training etc. The report includes performance management policy which includes job specification, resource requirement, time management, supervision and training of the employees of Coles Group. The templates of performance management policies and procedures for the company are also given in the report. Further, the second task is based on the case study related to discipline and termination of an employee. The report is also based on the misconduct by the employee. It has been focused on the legislation against the misconduct. The criminal code in s 245 against assault can be applied by the other person against misconduct. References Coles, (2016), Coles Looking after your health and safety, retrieved on 28th September 2016 from https://contractor.colesgroup.com.au/documents/documents/OHS_Inj_Mgmnt_poster_SupplyChainnew.pdf Tasmania Prison Service, (2014), Performance Management Policy and Framework, retrieved on 28th September 2016 from https://www.justice.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/300815/TPS_Performance_Management_Framework.pdf

Students Unrest in Institutions of Higher Learning Essay Example For Students

Students Unrest in Institutions of Higher Learning Essay UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ( NSUKA ) RESEARCH PAPER AUTHOR: HENRY ONYEKACHI NWAPA TITLE: A SURVEY OF STUDENTS UNREST IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING, CAUSES, EFFECTS, AND SOLUTIONS FACULTY: BUSINESS DEPARTMENT: MARKETING DATE: AUGUST 2010 SIGNATURE A SURVEY OF THE STUDENTS UNREST IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING, CAUSES, EFFECTS, AND SOLUTIONS A RESEARCH PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF BUSINESS, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKA IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MARKETING BY HENRY ONYEKACHI NWAPA GSP- 101 DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING. AUGUST, 2010 II DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the God almighty, who is the giver of life, Who freely gives wisdom to all. Who inspired me all through this work. III ABSTRACT This study is aimed at looking into student’s unrest in institutions of higher learning, causes, effects and solutions. And the scope of this research is not focused on a particular institution, but a general over-view of all the institutions in NIGERIA The following three research questions form the bases of this investigation. (1) To what extent does the difficulty experienced by the students at school lead to student’s unrest? (2) To what extent does the activity of secret societies in the institutions of higher learning lead to student’s unrest? (3) To what extent does student’s protest of unwelcomed policies lead to student’s unrest? We will write a custom essay on Students Unrest in Institutions of Higher Learning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The population of this research was drawn from students in various universities across the country. A mail questionnaire was designed to elicit information as answers to the above research questions. The replies to the questionnaire were analyzed using the simple mean and standard deviations. The results of the study as shown by the analytical method are as follows: (1) The difficulties experienced by students in the institutions led to students’ unrest. (2) The activities of secret societies in the institutions contributed greatly to students’ unrest. 3) Students protest of unwelcomed policies led to unrest. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No Dedication and acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii Table of conten ts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ IV List of Tables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. V CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 1. 1 Background of the study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 1. 2 Statement of the problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 1. 3 Purpose of the study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 1. 4 Significance of the study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 1. 5 Scope of study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 1. 6 Research question†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 2. 1 Definition of students’ unrest†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 2. 2 Difficulties experienced by students at school†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 2. 3 Activities of secret societies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 2. 4 students protest unwelcomed policies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 2. 5 Summary of review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 CHAPTER THREE EFFECTS, SOLUTIONS, CONCLUTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 3. 1 Effects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 3. Solutions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 3. 3 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 3. 4 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1Background of the study Nigerian hig her educational institution is established with the aim of giving any student who enrolls, a very sound and qualitative education, to be able to function effectively in any environment in which he/she may find him/herself; so as to become more productive, self-fulfilling and attain self-actualization (Federal Government of Nigeria, 1981). Under the Nigerian Policy on Education of 1977, revised in 1981, higher education aims at: (a) The acquisition development and inculcation of the proper value – orientation for the Survival of the individual and society; (b) The development of the intellectual capacities of individuals to understand and appreciate their environments; (c) The acquisition of both physical and intellectual skills which will enable individuals to develop into careful members of the community; and (d) The acquisition of an objective view of the local and external environment (Fafunwa, 1991). Specifically, Nigerian universities are expected to pursue the above mentioned goals through: (i) Teaching, (ii) research, (iii) dissemination of Existing and new information (especially through publication); and (iv) the pursuit of service to the community and being a store house of knowledge (Fafunwa, 1991; Federal Government of Nigeria, 1981). The above mentioned objectives were formulated because education in Nigeria during the colonial era was tailored to meet the demand of the colonial masters. Most of the educated elites were trained to become civil servants, teachers, and preachers. Though there were skilled professionals like engineers, lawyers, and doctors, these had there training abroad. So, skilled manpower were lacking in the Country at independence. To mitigate this anomaly, Nigeria had to embark o Importation of skilled manpower needed for her economic construction while, at the same time, she sponsored students to study abroad to gain the required skills. The government also undertook the provision of higher institutions to complement those studying abroad. Nigeria depended solely on petroleum export, at the mercy of fluctuating price on the world market. So the provision of free education up to university level became A substantial drain on her economy resulting in a high cost of living and a fall in standard of living. It was therefore no wonder to find Nigerians at the tax-payers’ expense deciding to live and work abroad instead of returning home to hel p in their countries’ development. Despite the above stipulations, research (i. e. Akinade, 1993; Aluede and Aluede 1999; Aluede, 2000; Ehiametalor, 1979; Nwokwule, 1992; Tawari, 1986; Yalokwu, 1992) Does indicate that many of Nigerian universities are finding it increasingly difficult to achieve the highlighted goals because of the many attendant problems that they are made to face. These difficulties are largely due to the problems which students who enroll these institutions either face or cause irrespective of their home backgrounds (Tawari, 1986). These problems make students’ life within and outside Nigerian university campuses, frequently a traumatic experience; which is the major reason why tudents of various Nigerian university campuses frequently demand an overhaul of the entire system (Tawari, 1986) Today, in Nigeria, students’ militancy in the Nigerian universities has come to be recognized as one of the most visible perennial problems of significanc e When compared with other social vices in Nigeria university campuses like campus cult activities, cases of examination malpractices, And drug abuse and addiction. Such that in the history of Nigeria, no group has established itself more in terms in frequency and intensity of such violent incidents as the student population. Hence, unrest is proving to be one of the most ubiquitous single factors characterizing these members of the society (Nwokwule, 1992). In Nigeria, cases of student unrest were reported as far back as 1945. Ezera 1960 (as cited in Onwuejeogwu, 1991) posits that between 1940 and 1945, the West Africa Students Union (WASU) had agitated in pamphlets and public lectures for Political reforms in all British West African territories. In doing so, they aroused 2 Fairly enthusiastic audience of the British public opinion in favour of Africa freedom. Similarly, Ajuluchukwu 1962 (as cited in Onwuejeogwu, 1991) note that from the inception, the National Union of Nigerian Students (NUNS) embarked upon deliberate campaigns of fostering national consciousness and inspiring a strong sense of militancy in the Nigerian people’s liberation struggle (Aluede, 1995; Babatope, 1974). Babatope (1974) and Onwuejeogwu (1991) note that the students’ union was born and nurtured in the womb of colonial protest. Hence student unionism was more of a protest union rather than student union, which was aimed at far reaching changes in the society. One incident of student unrest in 1960 was essentially due to students’ dissatisfaction with government insensitivity to national issues, and its inability to address them appropriately. Nigerian students aware of the British government’s intention to establish a military base in Nigeria and by so doing perpetuate a neo-colonial state, decided to stage a protest against the proposed Anglo-Nigerian Defense pact in Lagos on November 14, 1960. Another incident was students’ dissatisfaction with newly introduced educational policies. Before independence, only mature students were admitted into the few existing tertiary institutions. Although, they paid minimal fees, their clothes, including bedding was laundered at government expense. At independence, and thereafter, there occurred an explosion in student population and proliferation of higher education, which brought in its train a teeming population of adolescents (Ehiametalor, 1979). Added to this, was the withdrawal of tuition fees in all tertiary institutions in Nigeria. This act of the government led to the 1978 student crisis â€Å"Ali Must Go†. Since these events, students have used several opportunities to express their grievances. Table 1 below indicates a very brief sketch of the prevalence of student unrest in Nigeria. It is evident from the table1, that protest and unrest are regular features in Nigerian tertiary institutions. 3 Year Institutions stated causes of unrest Consequences 1981 Ahmadu Bello Religion and against Vice- Student died and Vice-Chancellor dismissed. University, Zaria Chancellor over alleged Rice deal 984 Many Nigerian Proposed introduction of Many Universities were closed down for Tertiary institutions tuition fees and the scrapping months of catering services 1986 Many Universities High handedness of the Most Universities in Nigeria were closed In Nigeria Vice-Chancellor of Ahmadu down for months. While several students Bello University, Zaria were expelled. 988 Many Nigerian Removal of subsidy from many schools were closed for a period of Universities petroleum and allied products Six months. 198 9 Several schools Introduction of Structural Improved conditions of service for workers In many parts of Adjustment Program closure of several institution for about six Nigeria (SAP) by the military months. Government Many students lost their lives during the protest as a result of open shooting by Police/Army 1992 Many Universities Deregulations of Nigerian Several students died, workers’ conditions In Nigeria currency and mounting of service were improved, while several Hardship schools were closed for months 1998 Ambrose Alli Uni. Cult Activities Violent leading to the death many students Ekpoma, Nigeria 2003 Many universities increase in the prices of Peaceful in some campuses violent in others In Nigeria petroleum products The intent of this paper is threefold: (a) to state the issues that had in the past Precipitated student unrest in Nigeria; (b) the effects (c) and to proffer solutions 1. 2Statement of the problem Students’ unrest in institutions of higher learning had perturbed the minds of Educational administrators, parents, and governments. Nigerian experience had been so much that it had been termed ‘an annual event’. As the national concord (1990) reports 4 When the federal military government reopened the higher institutions That had been shut in the wake of the last May’s anti-S. A. P riot, the Publics expectations was that these institutions would settle down to Orderly academic work, in a climate of peace and tranquility. As so much of Precious irretrievable time had already been lost to last year’s long spell of Closure, it was only expected that both students and the authorities would, Therefore, work out a mode of orderliness and cooperation on campuses, to Avert any further disruptions. Regrettably, however that expectation has not Been realized. Over the last few weeks, a growing number of the nation’s Higher institutions have been shut for various reasons. Only last week, just as The Ahmedu Bello and Obafemi Awolowo universities were announcing Their new resumption dates, students of the University of Port Harcourt in River states were again sent packing from their campuses. The picture emerging is that nation’s students are now constantly on the move, moving into their campuses one day, and moving out the next. Even at the huge expense students, parents, guardians, who not only have to pay unbudgeted transport cost but also suffer grave anxiety each time the schools are closed down. It also cost thousands of students a lot as they now have to make do with haphazard emergency exterminations. Finally, the nation the brunt of the whole thing as she now annually delivers thousands of poorly-taught, half-baked graduates. This situation of affair must not be allow to continue, for it will drag educational development in particular as well as the entire development of the nation to the mud. The main problem facing this study therefore is finding out the causes of students unrest in institutions of higher learning, the effects, and olutions, and recommend ways of preventing future occurrences, for as Onanuga (1987:11) put it The trend is worrying. It must not be allowed to continue The image of the higher schools needs an urgent redemption. The university’s tradition as a place of excellence must not Die. If it does, our society dies with it. 5 1. 3 Purpose of study Students’ unrest has become a recurrent event in educational establishments all over the wo rld. It has become an annual problem in Nigeria. .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .postImageUrl , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:hover , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:visited , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:active { border:0!important; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:active , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay On Symbolism In The Great GatsbyThe riot of 1989 termed, â€Å"SAP RIOT† which involved higher institutions in the country was so disastrous that the country and the citizens were highly alarmed. The riot took a very dangerous trend. It was the most disastrous of all the riots that had ever occurred in the country. The rioters went to the extent of releasing prisoners, setting government vehicles and building ablaze. Many lives and property were lost. This act of indiscipline Brings untold hardship to the government, the institutions, and the parents who are often asked to pay for the damaged property. This study, therefore is aimed at finding out the cause of students unrest in institutions of higher learning, effects, and recommendation of possible way’s of preventing future occurrences, 1. 3Significance of the study Unrest is not conducive to teaching and learning. As has been established earlier, a lot of damages are being done to life and property. If the situation is not checked, education, society and future generation will be badly affected. The result of the study should of necessity be directed to the government and educational institutions for use, with a view to reducing the incidence of tudents’ of unrest. The government, students, society, and staff shall definitely benefit if factors that cause students’ unrest are identified and well handled. Students will then study under peaceful atmosphere. The staff will be free to carry out their work without fear of molestation and interruption. Government and parents will justify their huge expenses on ed ucation and also parents would be saved the problem of being asked to pay for damages being caused by their wards. 6 1. 4Scope of the study The study was aimed at finding out the cause of student’s unrest in institution of higher learning. The researcher examined the extent to which the factors below caused students’ unrest in institutions of higher learning. The factors are: 1. Difficulties experienced by students at school. 2. Activities of secret society in the higher institutions. 3. Students’ protest unwelcomed policies 1. 5Research Questions For effective study, the researchers posed the following research questions to guide the study. 1. To what extent does the difficulty experienced by the students at school lead to student’s unrest? 2. To what extent does the activity of secret society in institutions of higher learning lead to student’s unrest? . To what extent does student’s protest of unwelcomed policies lead to student’s unrest? 7 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 Introduction The researcher consulted a few libraries. In these sources, much literature dealing directly on the subject was found and so the researcher organized the review under the following sub-headi ngs. 1. Definition of students’ unrest 2. Difficulties experienced by students at school 3. Activities of secret society in higher institutions 4. Students protest unwelcomed policies . External factors 6. Summary of review. 2. 1 Definition of students’ unrest The term ‘students’ unrest’ connotes a feeling of dissatisfaction by the students either with the authority of the general conditions of the student’s body. This dissatisfaction is usually manifested in such overt behavior as boycott of lectures, refusal to take part in examinations, meals or part in sporting activities, demonstration, riots, and strikes. It sometimes takes the form of frivolous outburst, football riots, pantry raids and faddish activities. It can be an open manifestation of conflicts between the student body and the school authority and/or between the student’s body on the one hand and the government on the other. Oloko (1981: 3) defined the term ‘students’ unrest’ as A situation in which students in secondary or other higher Institutions resort to the use of or threat of use of violence Against persons or properties in their attempt to resolve any Issue of conflict of interest they may have with other people In their own interest. These other people may be other students, Staff or the administrators on one hand or public authorities, National or foreign on the other. 8 Students’ unrest in our institutions is a big social problem for it affects our society in general. As a societal problem, it is very necessary for everybody in the society with it. This goes to explain why there has been a lot of newspaper articles and radio broadcast on students’ unrest from day to day. Sanya (1981:3) commenting on the issue said, â€Å"Nigeria was rocked almost to its foundation by waves of students’ unrest in 1970 to 1980 decade†¦ . 2 Difficulties experienced by students at school Students react violently when they are deprived of certain pleasure and when they face frustrating situations. Yusuf, the pro-chancellor of the university of the university of illorin (1989:8) commenting on the standard of living of most of the students said Most of our students are living far below the poverty Datum line , and a truly hungry man or woman, Particularly an adolescent, tends neither not to care About GOD or country. Poor sanitary conditions in the institutions also lead to student’ unrest as was indicated in the Nigerian mirror (1990:2) Official activities were paralyzed for more than three Hours in Ado-ekiti local Government secretariat on Wednesday as students of ondo state university, Ado- Ekiti besieged the secretariat protesting the poor sanitary Conditions of their satellite hostel†¦. These students also complained about their water pipes that are damaged. Before the students’ riot at the university of Nigeria, Nsuka on 17th of February 1981, the students wrote the Vice-chancellor of the university telling him of all 9 Their problems which ranged from poor sanitary conditions of hostels, lack of toilet rolls, beddings-pillow, bed-sheets and pillow cases, seats, blackout at toilet ends, dangerous obstructions with beds, mattresses and lockers in hostel veranders, no common rooms in some halls. Lack of classrooms laboratory and library accommodations, poor catering services, poor quality and quantity of food, poor service. They also complained about the accounts department. They urged that those in that department be made to do their work promptly to alleviate the problem encountered by students. They also complained about scarcity of drugs at the medical centre and also absence of doctors there. These students equally requested that those in the works department should sit up and mend the facilities that are damaged in the campus and also finish up the work at the students’ centre. The students equally demanded for the removal of the Dean of student whom they alleged do not represent their interest and is the cause of their suffering as he failed to represent them well before the authorities. They issued an ultimatum that if their problems are not solved by the 16th of February that they will endure the situation no more. The letter to the Vice-chancellor was dated 9th February 1981. The students of the university started demonstrations on the 17th of February 1981 after the expiration of the ultimatum and nothing visible to them was done. 2. 3 Activities of secret societies in higher institutions Secret societies as Sunday best (1990:7) defined it as groups or organizations characterized by the use of secret initiation and other rituals, oaths and signs or recognition between members. According to it (Sunday best) the first rule and cardinal obligation of a member of most secret societies is the maintenance of absolute secrecy both of his or her identity, those of fellow members and of the activities of the society. 10 In an answer to the question on why secret societies exist on campuses; the Sunday best (1990:7) said that It is first of all a carry-over from society at large. It went on to explain that some of the secret societies In the campuses are branches, so to say of parent Societies outside the campus. It gave examples with Such societies, the pyrates, the Eckanker and other Popular fraternities known and existing in the larger Society which are found on the campuses. According to the Sunday best, some of these campus societies are quite independent of outside parent societies, merely copings of them while some are directly sponsored and financed by parent societies outside the campus. They have various callings and objectives. Among the secret societies that originate on the campuses are the more sinister and violence-oriented ones that are really the cause of rumpus in the campuses. Their usual method as the Sunday best said, is intimidation and harassment of non-initiate students and staff with the objective of instilling fear and submission in them, thereby enthroning their authority to be law unto themselves and hence achieve their selfish ends. These ends, according to the Sunday best, could range from passing an examination, satisfying sexual esires, attracting financial support or even resisting sabotaging college policies and regulations. Talking more on the activities of the societies, the Sunday best said that members of such organizations could walk into bar and order non-member to leave or else force them to buy drinks for them. A member could order a female student to sexual intercourse or more appropriately, rape her without as much as the girl or madam daring to make noise in the form of off icial report, as such action could mean much more bitter chastisement and harassment for her. The secret societies sometimes engage each other in bloody fights as a result of rivalry and clash of interest. The incident at the University of Nigeria a few years ago in which one student was killed and two other seriously wounded by unknown people gives an insight to the activities of these secret cults, for the following day as Usen (1990:14) reported 11 A vicious cult gang which called itself the Ever-ready-souls of the Concern, claimed responsibility for the bloodbath. In the statement Issued on a piece of paper, smeared with blood, the gang, better Identified as the Buccaneers, said its midnight attack was a Revenge against â€Å"acts of terrorism† by another underground Campus cult called the pyrates. It warned the pyrates and other Members of the university community to be ready to shed more Blood and lives anytime from now. One can then imagine the kind of teaching and learning that take place under this condition. This situation is not peculiar to university of Nigeria, Nsuka; these activities occur in higher institutions in the country. Students are even more distraught, said I. M. Onuoha, student union leader of ASUTECH as Usen reports. He said: The whole thing is getting out of hand. The (campus cult) Have become so heartless and callous that students no Longer feel safe to pursue learning under an ideal, happy And healthy environment. Commenting on the issue, Mike Ibekwe (1991:5) said â€Å"if secret cults exist in our educational institutions, it is goodbye to the education of the nation. 2. 5 Student protest unwelcomed policies During Babangida’s regime, students protested because of S. A. P and the way government officials behave. The sap pains were not evenly distributed as the nation continues to witness an uninterrupted flow of V-boot Mercedes; the lip-service paid to the curtailment of extravagant perquisites by senior government officials, the high level sharing of prime la nd, the booming luxury apartment when the entire populace is suffering led to the students’ unrest in 1989. 12 According to Omuabor and Co’s 91989:22) account; The nation began to witness the SAP rebellion. University Of Benin was the start-off point of the protest†¦ the students Marched out with mock coffin, headed for the government house, Benin crying â€Å"SAP must go†, â€Å"We are dying of hunger in the name of SAP, â€Å"and Babangida must go† In 1978 during Obasanjo’s regime students protested the astronomical increase in food prices in universities. They blamed government policies on education on Ahmadu Ali, a colonel and commissioner for education, and demanded his immediate removal. ALI must go†, they said. In the spreading violence more than six students were killed in clash with police. Students’ unrest are caused by the attitudes of those in power who look on students as rabble-rousers, lay-about and misguided lots. According to Obanigba (1988:13) When students in Apartheid South Africa go on protest, They are quickly hailed as patriots who are fighting for Their future†¦ But when Nigeria students protest against The implementation of the I. .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .postImageUrl , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:hover , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:visited , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:active { border:0!important; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:active , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chapter 11 EssayM. F-sponsored economic policies As subsidy removal, they are dubbed unpatriotic. This should Not be so. Students are too patriotic to sit still and watch while Their future is mortgaged†¦ students in this country have always Borne the brunt of our leaders’ painlessness†¦. Students’ unrest are at times caused by students’ solidarity in support of their fellow students or lecturer whom they feel are being victimized by the government or the school authorities. For instance, after the April 1988 demonstration against the removal of petroleum subsidy which started at the university of Jos, the federal government closed down the school that participated and went on to shower those that did not participate with gifts but the gifts were turned down by the students who felt that the government wants to bribe them and break their solidarity. As Elumunor and co. 91988:9) put it The federal government made a dramatic gift of three buses To Ahmadu Bello university (ABU), Zaria and two to the University of Benin (UNIBEN), as â€Å"a mark of gratitude from the 13 Government for their maturity in not joining their colleagues Else where in demonstrating against the hike in petroleum Product prices†. In a swift move, the students of both Universities turned down the vehicle offers; the UNIBEN students Described the gift as â€Å"a bribe too stinking for our dignity† and went Ahead to demand the very things for which students else where Went on strike- the restoration of oil subsidy, release of detained Student’s leaders and the immediate reopening of the closed Schools. A. B. U students followed suit saying the gesture was a â€Å"Bribe,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"An attempt to break the unity and solidarity among Students and to set the working masses and the general populace Against us†. 2. 8 Summary of Review The review shows that the following factors contribute to students’ unrest in institutions of higher learning: 1. Difficulty experienced by students in the institutions. 2. Activities of secret societies in the institution 3. Students protest unwelcomed policies. 4 CHAPTER THREE EFFECTS,SOLUTION,CONCLUTION EFFECTS As we can see, students’ unrest is highly counter-productive to education. Education ought to take place in a conducive atmosphere free from bitterness and rancor. The issue of closing down the institutions now and then because of students’ unrest does not benefit either the students or the society. It rather results to the production of half-baked graduates for most of the times courses and exterminations are rushe d in order to meet up with time. The effect of the above action is often very costly and shameful. Many lives and property are lost during these unrests. Many parents and teachers are demoralized. Even some innocent students get disenchanted with the school system. The school authorities are also highly affected since they have to contend with an unhappy environment full of bitterness. The lecturer and others in the campus often live in fear. Many people both students and staffs of the institutions find it difficult to go about their business on the campus. Academic and research works that are done in the higher institutions are highly tasking and need to be done by peaceful minds for positive achievements to be made. The researcher therefore decides to address this issue of students’ unrest which does not make for productive work in the institutions. Though many people have talked on this issue of unrest, the situation remained unabated. One can hardly pass any month in the year without hearing of the incident occurring in one institution or the other. The researcher decided to dig-deep into the causes of these students’ unrest with a view to recommending solutions which, if adhered to, will help in curbing students’ unrest in higher institutions in the country 15 SOLUTIONS Based on the researcher’s findings, the researcher makes the following recommendations which she feels if implemented, would help in curbing students’ unrest in institutions of higher learning in Nigeria in particular, so that education will no longer be interrupted and teaching and learning will take place in a conducive atmosphere. They are as follows: 1. Students should be provided with adequate hostel accommodations. This will include beds and beddings as well as toilet facilities. These are very necessary since the students engage in serious academic and research works they need to have adequate rest to help them keep fit. 2. The environment should be kept clean, starting from the hostels down to the lecture rooms, the libraries, laboratories, recreation grounds and most importantly the toilet ends. This is very necessary to avoid epidemics on the campuses. Cleaners should be employed to do these jobs since the students are engaged in their studies most of the times. But they should help at least once in a month in keeping their environment clean. 3. Since most of the hostels are far away from the lecture rooms, the libraries and laboratories and these places most of often are highly separated, transport within the campuses is very necessary. All the school should be provided with some buses or/and taxi cabs to help in conveying the students inside the campuses. The prices should also be controlled to avoid exploitation of the students. . Contractors now provide food for students in the institutions and they are very much after making profits. Their activities should be checked by an honest food committee to make sure that they do not exploit the students and also that the food is prepared in a clean environment. 5. Lecture rooms are very necessary in the institutions. Students deserve to sit comfortably and receive their lectures, but this is not the case in our institutions. Students struggle for even spaces to stand and listen to the lecturers, not to talk of where to sit down. This should not be the case. I recommend that provision of lecture rooms and seats for students should be a number one priority in every institution. Students should be provided with comfortable lecture rooms, where they can sit down, see whatever is written or demonstrated in the lecture room, hear the lecturer as he speaks. 16 6. Library books are highly indispensable especially these days that books are very expensive. Not all parents can afford the money for these books, so if meaningful teaching and learning can take place in the institutions the libraries need to be well equipped. 7. Laboratory equipment is also very essential in the higher institutions since learning there is done through teaching and research. The laboratories should not lack any of the things needed for the researches. 8. Students should be given regular bursary award, since most of them come from poor families. They ought to be helped for their education will be for the benefit of the whole nation. 9. There is an adage which says that ‘health is wealth and a healthy mind dwells in a healthy body’. Since this is the case, we see that providing medical services in our institutions is very necessary. Most of the times, doctors assigned to the medical centers’ in the higher institutions do not turn up. They do private practices to the detriment of their official duties with the result that most of the times doctors are not available at the medical centres. These doctors should be made to do their jobs. Drugs should be provided in the medical centres. It should not be the question of recommending drugs for the students to go and buy for this exposes them to the exploitation of the traders who most of the time sell expired drugs to them thereby putting their lives in danger. 0. It has been made clear that secret societies are not desired in the higher institutions. Most of them cause a lot of havocs in the institutions. These bad ones should be sought out and stamped out. The authorities have already started this but they need to pacify efforts to fish all of them out and bring them to book. Anyone found guilty should leave the campus. 11. The government should avoid being de ceitful and hypocritical in her policies. For instance, the structure adjustment programme issue which is meant for the people to curtail luxury ought to have affected every section of the society, but the high ranking military officers and a few others in the society appeared to be immunized. So the majority of the populace whom the student represents see themselves as being cheated. 12. Finally, students should make conscious efforts not to engage in the destruction of properties whenever they have a cause to demonstrate. History has shown that they always bear the consequences of the destructions directly or indirectly. 7 CONCLUSION It is imperative to recognize those issues that are likely to generate campus unrest, especially in the subsequent decades of the millennium: student campus life issues; poor funding of Nigerian universities by the government; and withdrawal of subsidy from petroleum products. In appreciation of the potential issues that would generate student protests in the near future, student services prof essional would be challenged to evolve strategies that would help to bring the incidents of student unrest in Nigerian universities to the barest minimum. 18 REFERNCES Akinade, E. A. 1993. â€Å"Guidance and Counselling Strategies for Preventing or Controlling Students Activism in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions†. pp 130 138. in O. Animba, D. Denga and P. F. Omoluabi (eds. ), An Appraisal of Student Unrest in Nigeria. Enugu, Nigeria: AB/C Publishers. -Aluede, O. O. 1995. Factors Influencing Student Unrest in Tertiary Institutions in Edo State of Nigeria. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria. -Aluede, O. O. 1996. â€Å"Counselling intervention strategies in curbing student unrest in Nigerian tertiary institutions†. Journal of Educational and Vocational Studies, 1(4): 24- -Charlotte buhler co. (1958). Childhood Problems USA: Henry holt and co -Dowse and Hughes (1972). Political Sociology New York: John Wiley and sons ltd -Eleanya Leo (1991). Great lessons for the third Republic. Enugu: auto-century Publishing ltd. -Ozigi Albert (1976). A handbook on school Administration and management. London: Macmillan Education ltd DOCUMENTS 1. National Policy on Education, 1981 2. University of Nigeria Report of Inquiry into students’ Disturbance and act of vandalism at Nsuka Campus (24th Feb. 1981 19

Free Essays on Women In Combat

Women in Combat The idea of women in combat is not unusual anymore. They should be able to hold combat positions because although physical strength matters, the military still needs the intelligence that women can bring. Also, banning women from the combat hurts their military careers. Although women account for a very small percent of the enlisted personnel they are still a major part in the armed forces. Their performance recently has generated support from Congress and the public for enhancing the role of females in the military. Women fall back on the old "unit cohesion", "male bonding†, and "good order" rubbish that is left over from the Roman Empire. It's rather like saying that women can't play major league baseball because they can't spit, scratch and rearrange their cod pieces as well as the boys - regardless of whether or not they can throw a baseball from left field to third base. Units made of women and men have bonded, cohered, and maintained good order for centuries. Military units of mixed sexes have quietly maintained order, accomplished missions, and passed operational readiness inspections with flying colors. They're too busy doing their jobs to worry about which latrine to use. Desert Storm is a classic example of mixed units performing as cohesive and effective teams even under fire. Yet a problem with bonding is that too much bonding might occur, as to where it becomes sexual tension, where one might risk their life over another soldier’s life. During the Persian Gulf War, women were sent to the Middle East to fly helicopters, service combat jets, refuel tankers, and load laser-guided bombs. Their performance has led the world to realize that women are extremely useful in combat. Defense secretary Dick Chaney said "Women have made a major contribution to this [war] effort. We could not have won without them." Leaders in the field agreed. The Gulf War had the largest deployment of women in the armed forces... Free Essays on Women In Combat Free Essays on Women In Combat Women in Combat The idea of women in combat is not unusual anymore. They should be able to hold combat positions because although physical strength matters, the military still needs the intelligence that women can bring. Also, banning women from the combat hurts their military careers. Although women account for a very small percent of the enlisted personnel they are still a major part in the armed forces. Their performance recently has generated support from Congress and the public for enhancing the role of females in the military. Women fall back on the old "unit cohesion", "male bonding†, and "good order" rubbish that is left over from the Roman Empire. It's rather like saying that women can't play major league baseball because they can't spit, scratch and rearrange their cod pieces as well as the boys - regardless of whether or not they can throw a baseball from left field to third base. Units made of women and men have bonded, cohered, and maintained good order for centuries. Military units of mixed sexes have quietly maintained order, accomplished missions, and passed operational readiness inspections with flying colors. They're too busy doing their jobs to worry about which latrine to use. Desert Storm is a classic example of mixed units performing as cohesive and effective teams even under fire. Yet a problem with bonding is that too much bonding might occur, as to where it becomes sexual tension, where one might risk their life over another soldier’s life. During the Persian Gulf War, women were sent to the Middle East to fly helicopters, service combat jets, refuel tankers, and load laser-guided bombs. Their performance has led the world to realize that women are extremely useful in combat. Defense secretary Dick Chaney said "Women have made a major contribution to this [war] effort. We could not have won without them." Leaders in the field agreed. The Gulf War had the largest deployment of women in the armed forces...

Sentence Ending Particles in Japanese

Sentence Ending Particles in Japanese In Japanese, there are many particles that are added to the end of a sentence. They express the speakers emotions, doubt, emphasis, caution, hesitation, wonder, admiration, and so on. Some sentence ending particles distinguish male or female speech. Many of them dont translate easily. Ka Makes a sentence into a question. When forming a question, the word order of a sentence does not change in Japanese. Nihon-jin desu ka.æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šAre you Japanese?Supeingo o hanashimasu ka.ã‚ ¹Ã£Æ'šã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ³Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ © ±Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Do you speak Spanish? Kana/Kashira Indicates that you are not sure about something. It can be translated as I wonder ~. Kashira㠁‹ã â€"ら is used only by women. Tanaka-san wa ashita kuru kana.ç” °Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¦ËœÅ½Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦  ¥Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªI wonder if Mr. Tanaka will come tomorrow.Ano hito wa dare kashira.㠁‚㠁 ®Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¯Ã¨ ª °Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€"らI wonder who that person is. Na (1) Prohibition. A negative imperative marker used only by men in very informal speech. Sonna koto o suru na!㠁 Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ªDont do such a thing! (2) Casual emphasis on a decision, suggestion or opinion. Kyou wa shigoto ni ikitakunai na.ä »Å Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  ¯Ã¤ »â€¢Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£ Å¸Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£  ªI dont want to go to work today.Sore wa machigatteiru to omou na.㠁 Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¯Ã©â€"“é â€¢Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ¨Ã¦â‚¬ Ã£ â€ Ã£  ªI think that is wrong. Naa Expresses emotion, or a casual remark of wishful thinking. Sugoi naa.㠁™ã â€Ã£ â€žÃ£  ªÃ£ â€šHow great it is!Mou sukoshi nete itai naa.も㠁†å °â€˜Ã£ â€"Ã¥ ¯ Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£ â€žÃ£  ªÃ£ â€šI wish I could sleep in a little more. Ne/Nee Confirmation. Indicates that the speaker wants the listener to agree or confirm. It is similar to English expressions dont you think so, isnt it? or right?. Ii tenki desu ne.㠁„㠁„å ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€"㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£  ­Its a beautiful day, isnt it?Mou nakanaide ne.も㠁†æ ³ £Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£  ­Please dont cry anymore, okay?

Article Review on Technology in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Review on Technology in Education - Essay Example The author describes the technology as the combination of a computer (coupled with internet connectivity) and a projector. The projector is used to create a touch-screen display on a whiteboard that might be mounted anywhere in the classroom. Koven (2008) stated that the touch feature of the screen enables the users to write and erase notes on the board and even control the computer applications that might be running on the computer. The author explains that screenshots can be taken of the board that would facilitate future reference to the information. Figure 1: Display of a mathematics problem with teacher’s notes on the interactive whiteboard (Koven, 2008) SMART Technologies Inc. (2006) stated that the interactive whiteboard provides the functionalities of a traditional blackboard since teachers and students can write on it with ease and it also serves as a multimedia connected to a computer that can project websites, images, videos, documents and applications to make the l ectures more interactive and interesting. The article discusses the advantages of interactive whiteboards in his paper and explains how this technology proves to even help students with special needs and disabilities.

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Final Project - Essay Example Holy Crap was also intended to be a cereal for emergency kits because of its healthy nutritional content and long shelf-life but the consumer does not want it to be a mere survival kit but a cereal breakfast. Holy Crap started at farmers markets and sales were slow at first. In 2010, they made $58,000 and the brand was originally called Hapi. Until they changed the name to Holy Crap, the CRAP stood for its components which are the combination of apple and cinnamon or C.R.A.P. Their phenomenal sales growth online were first doubted by Paypal to be a scammed that their payments were given in small dollops. Today, Holy Crap is now a reputable company and is now going global as is now setting up distribution to at least 11 countries and thousands of stores. The article of Troy White illustrated the trend in marketing that by just changing the brand name that is catchy, sales will tremendously increase. This was the experience of Corin and Brian Mullins that their sales increased to 1,000% just by changing the name of their cereal from HapiFoods which is not exactly a sexy sounding name according to Corin Mullin to Holy Crap. At first she was adamant with the brand but when sales increased from 10 bags a day to 10 bags a minute, she is now selling Holy Crap Cereals. Summary: In this article by small businessbc, it showed where the trend of Holy Crap in the near future considering their phenomenal growth. They are going to sell their cereals around the world with the very best stores via licensing agreements,† says.   The expansion will involve duplicating the company’s prototype facility and employment plan around the world to create local jobs and development opportunities in smaller communities. The article also narrated the evolution of the product from a mere survival kit to a fast selling cereal product. a) What stage of the product life cycle is Holy Crap Cereal in? Discuss the Marketing Objective, Competition,