The Joneses Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Joneses - Movie Review Example But little does the neighbourhood know they will be taken by storm by this new family, a family adept at selling the â€Å"American Dream†. The field capital theory is the application of social, economic and cultural capital amassed by a certain section of the society who â€Å"deploy it social arenas known as fields to compete for positions of authority, distinction and status† (Tapp, Warren, 2010, p.1). This competitive behaviour in human beings is of primary interest to marketers. Steve and Kate are the ideal business man-gorgeous wife couple. Kate is the object of envy among her peer circle – she is beautiful dressed in designer clothes and decked with latest accessories. Steve is the successful businessman, an object of admiration who has everything – a beautiful wide, a huge mansion and a collection of expensive status symbols ranging from cars to gadgets. They have wealth, an affluent and jazzy lifestyle. Jenn and Mick children of the affluent couple are a rage in their school as they go about living ostentatiously a hip and trendy lifestyle. They have cool clothes, fast cars and the latest gadgets. Steve and Kate own the finest property in the new suburban town with expensive interior decorative and highly priced fittings. The competition and a sort of internal rivalry due to excessive social admiration from all quarters are holding back the Joneses family form working together. A conflict of ego and self esteem is at play. Steve is being held back by his wife who refuses to be a friend to him and instead behaves in a rather professional way. Steve overcomes this oppression by breaking through this wall of ego and

2nd Take Home Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2nd Take Home Exam - Essay Example The doctrine of promissory estoppel is a policy that allows the recovery of a promise made without considering that it will be enforceable (Clarkson 249). The promisee may encounter losses or suffering in the process of ensuring that he gets the promise. This discussion uses a case study where Cato promised Isabella $40,000 after she graduates from State College. Cato fails to honour his promise and claims not to remember promising her the money. Isabella has a right of demanding the money that Cato promised her. The doctrine of promissory estoppel gives her the right to demand that Cato fulfills his promise. Isabella relied on Cato’s promise to complete her university education. The following issues compel Cato to give Isabella the money. First, Cato’s promise was clear and definite, and this means that he knew what he was doing when he promised her the money. Cato wanted Isabella to complete her university education and graduate. Therefore, promised her the money to encourage her to complete her studies. Isabella and Cato understood the promise and thus it is legally binding for him to give her the money. Secondly, Isabella had adequate reasons to rely on the promise to complete her university education. It is necessary to explain that she would not have gone back to school if Cato did not promise her the money. Therefore, she was justified to rely on the promise because she hoped to use the money after gradu ating. Therefore, she perceived the promise to be an economic gate to success. Thirdly, Cato knew that Isabella would rely on his promise to complete her university education. She was sure that Cato would honour his promise and give her the money, and that is why she went to school without doubting Cato’s promise. This doctrine states that the promiser has an obligation of honouring a promise if he knows that the promise will influence the behaviour of the receiver (Clarkson 248). Therefore,

Difficult Intubation And Post Tonsillectomy Bleeding

Difficult Intubation And Post Tonsillectomy Bleeding A six year old boy with Downs syndrome is on his way to the childrens hospital by ambulance with post-tonsillectomy bleeding. He underwent adeno-tonsillectomy because of recurrent tonsillitis and enlarged adenoids under general anesthesia the day before, some 22 hours ago. Despite being overweight at 37 kilograms and enlarged adenoids he did not suffer from sleep apnea. Prior to his original surgery, the child was uncooperative necessitating an inhalation induction with some struggling. Venous access was difficult even post induction requiring several attempts, and finally being achieved in the left saphenous vein at the ankle. Because of possible atlanto-occipital instability associated with Downs syndrome, laryngoscopy was performed with C-spine precautions. Direct laryngoscopy presented a Grade 3 view due to an enlarged tongue. Bag-mask-ventilation with an oro-pharyngeal airway was easy throughout the preintubation phase. Indirect laryngoscopy using the GlideScopeÂÂ ® revealed a Grade 1 view followed by the placement of a styletted, uncuffed 5 mm ID oral RAE tube. Adeno-tonsillectomy was performed i n the usual fashion and the child was discharged home after an uneventful 20 hour overnight observation period. Apparently, while momentarily unattended at home, the boy ate a hard tea biscuit. The child immediately experienced a sharp pain and an intra oral bleeding started. The emergency physician on duty is confronted with an overweight boy, sitting on a stretcher and spitting blood frequently into a kidney basin. The child is in moderate distress with the following vital signs (HR 152, BP 97/57). The child will not tolerate nasal prong oxygen and the pulse oximeter reading is 94% on room air. Auscultation of the chest is clear. Examination of the mouth reveals brisk bleeding in the right tonsillar bed. An attempt to start an intravenous line in the right saphenous vein is not successful, but blood is obtained for a CBC, coagulation parameters and a cross match for blood. The child is then transferred to the operating room. 45.2 INTRODUCTION: 45.2.1 What is the incidence, Morbidity and Mortality of pediatric post-tonsillectomy bleeding? Tonsillectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in children. Rates in children aged 0-14 vary considerably within and between countries. In 1998, they varied from 19 per 10,000 children in Canada to 118 per 10,000 in Northern Ireland, so a very common procedure in both countries (1). The most common post-tonsillectomy complications include postoperative nausea and vomiting and pain. Dehydration may occur in children due to delayed and poor oral intake, nausea and fever. Delayed post-operative bleeding is the most significant complication and though uncommon, is not rare (2). Many estimates of the incidence of post-tonsillectomy bleeding exist in the literature varying widely from 0 to 11.5 percent (3). Typically, however, the rate ranges between 2.9 and 3.4% (4). Mortality rates are rarely reported in the literature. Two large studies reported 0 out of 15,996, and 1 out of 16,381 tonsillectomies in 1979 and 1970 (5). On the other hand, there are many published case reports. Sixty-seven percent of post-adeno-tonsillectomy bleeding originates in the tonsillar fossa and 27% in the nasopharynx. There are two major time frames for post operative bleeding. Most often, the bleeding occurs within the first 24 hours after surgery (primary bleeding) (5). Primary bleeding is generally related to surgical technique, and incidence is declining. Twenty five percent of all post tonsillectomy hemorrhage occurs after 24 hours. This secondary bleeding is not related to surgical technique, is rare and of unchanged prevalence over the years (5). It is mainly observed between the 5th and 10th postoperative day, although it may occur at any time (6). Infection of the tonsillar bed with clot sloughing is believed to be the major cause of secondary bleeding. It tends to occur more commonly in older pediatric patients, because the indication for tonsillectomy in this age group is usually related to recurrent infections rather than airway obstruction, the most common indication in the younger pediatric age group.(5). Since tonsillectomy is usually performed to improve the quality of life in otherwise healthy, young children, any death is unacceptable. 45.3 PATIENT EVALUATION: 45.3.1 What are the initial clinical steps one should take in the patient with post-tonsillectomy bleeding? The diagnosis of post-tonsillectomy bleeding is usually made by a quick history. Parents or patients will mention right away the previous surgery. Differential diagnosis is blunt or sharp trauma to the oropharynx. Rare cases are bleeding tumors of the oropharynx, like hemangioma. The child will present with fresh blood in the mouth and frequent swallowing of blood. Nausea with or without emesis of fresh blood is common. Newer and more potent antiemetic medications may mask or suppress vomiting. Therefore, the amount of blood swallowed may be underestimated. It is not uncommon for children to have been bleeding silently for a prolonged period of time with extensive blood loss. The child is often restless, diaphoretic and pale. The vital signs may show an increased heart rate, because of pain and hypovolemia. In awake children, hypotension following blood loss is a very late sign and then indicates significant hypovolemia. Intravenous access must be established as soon as possible followed by initial volume resuscitation with crystalloid or colloid solutions or. A blood sample for baseline hematocrit or hemoglobin is necessary as well as for blood type and cross match. An intra oral examination will show blood and blood clots. A bleeding source may be seen in the tonsillar bed. Bleeding from the tonsillar bed may initially be controlled using pharyngeal packs and cautery. But children with post tonsillectomy bleeding should be taken back to the operating room for exploration and surgical hemostasis. Repeated attempts to stop bleeding on the ward or in the emergency department should be avoided, except if exsanguination is imminent. A questionnaire of children undergoing tonsillectomy with or without postoperative bleeding showed an increased incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder if the children with bleeding were treated on the ward compared to children without bleeding or if the bleeding was treated in the operating room (7). 45.4 AIRWAY MANAGEMENT 45.4.1 How is the airway usually managed in post-tonsillectomy bleeding? Large volumes of blood may be swallowed, and blood or blood clots are often present in the oral cavity of these children. Despite the fact that the aspiration of blood is not similar in severity to aspiration of gastric acid, it remains an undesirable occurrence. In addition to hypovolemia, patients with post tonsillectomy bleeding present two major problems: Aspiration: These patients must be considered to have a full stomach and are at an increased risk of aspiration. Difficult airway: Blood and blood clots may impair visualization to the vocal cords. In addition swelling of the oropharynx may have occurred because of surgery or infection. This may lead to a changed laryngeal anatomy. Because of the risk of aspiration, a mask induction maintaining spontaneous breathing is not desirable and a rapid sequence induction should be considered. The efficacy and use of cricoid pressure, especially in children is currently controversial. It is noteworthy that cricoid pressure can distort the laryngeal anatomy and worsen the view of the larynx. In addition, it can induce vomiting in the partially anesthetized patient. The blood and blood clots in the oropharynx can impair vision during laryngoscopy or cause plugging of the endotracheal tube. A working suction apparatus is lifesaving and must be prepared in duplicate. One should be a large bore, rigid surgical suction and the other mounted with a flexible endotracheal suction catheter. If one becomes blocked with a blood clot, another is readily available. If large amounts of clot are present, it may be necessary during the initial laryngoscopy to manually remove them with a finger or gauze. A Magill forceps should be available to grab clots deeper in the pharynx, recognizing that these clots may be too fragile to be grasped and removed from the oral cavity using the Forceps. A past history of difficult laryngoscopy is helpful, although this never precludes preparations for a difficult and failed airway. Different sized curved and straight blades as well as a flex tip blade (McCoy laryngoscope) should be readily available. Different sized cuffed endotracheal tubes, with one size up and down of the calculated size must be prepared. They should be preloaded with a well lubricated intubating stylet, as is standard for a rapid sequence induction. A tracheal introducer (Bougie) may be helpful in the presence of a grade 3 view. If the epiglottis is visible, but no laryngeal entrance can be appreciated, a stroke of chest compression may help find the glottic opening by creating air bubbles. The pediatric lightwand represents an elegant technique for intubation in the case of a glottic view obscured by secretions or blood. The extremely bright light can shine easily through blood and blood clots. However experience is necessary when using this device. Indirect laryngoscopy using the video-laryngoscope (GlideScopeÂÂ ® or the AirtraqÂÂ ®) can be difficult. Blood and secretions may block the optical lenses and impair the view to the vocal cords. The lens in the AirtraqÂÂ ® with its position between the lightsource on one side and the guide channel for the endotracheal tube on the other side might be more protected than the lens of the GlideScopeÂÂ ®. Case reports or studies, however, have not been published in this regard. The laryngeal mask plays an accepted role as an alternative airway device in managing the difficult pediatric airway (see Chapter 42). It is used frequently in primary adeno-tonsillectomies. It can be placed quickly and can be used as a conduit for a flexible bronchoscope to guide intubation if required. On the positive side, a laryngeal mask may briefly tamponade the bleeding site, and therefore protect the airway and the optical lens of the bronchoscope. Though, on the other hand, it may not provide sufficient airway protection in situations with increased risk of aspiration like post tonsillectomy bleeding. A case report recently described the successful use of a laryngeal mask for a failed intubation in a post tonsillectomy bleed (8). The use of a flexible bronchoscope alone is not recommended in cases of oropharyngeal bleeding. Experts recommend that the practitioner should rely on the alternative techniques with which they have the most experience and skill. Preparation for the unexpected is essential. An experienced otolaryngologist or other qualified rigid laryngoscopist/bronchoscopist should be in the OR for all of these cases. If direct laryngoscopy fails, a rigid device wielded by the otolaryngologist may just be successful. An appropriately sized, lubricated and tested rigid laryngoscope/bronchoscope connected to a light source and suction must be readily available at the head of the child. Preparation for a surgical airway is also essential (e.g. tracheotomy tray opened and ready). To reduce the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting the stomach content of the child should be suctioned using an orogastric tube at the end of the procedure, recognizing that this does not guarantee an empty stomach as much of the blood may be clotted. 45.4.2 What are the airway management options for this patient? This patient presents several issues regarding anesthesia induction and airway management: high risk of aspiration difficult intravenous access suspected atlanto-occipital instability known difficult direct laryngoscopy with easy facemask ventilation expected difficult view of the larynx due to blood and secretions Several options for the anesthetic and airway management of this child need to be weighed and considered in light of their risks and benefits: Intravenous induction versus inhalation induction without IV access: This child is undergoing a second surgical procedure within 24 hours. Due to the frightening emergency situation, pain, bleeding and his mental impairment he is distressed and uncooperative. While a smooth inhalation induction with a facemask was preferred for his first surgery, a stomach potentially full of blood mitigates against this approach and for a rapid sequence induction to minimize the duration of an unprotected airway. One might even hope for a rapid venous access following a mask induction to permit medication administration but we know in this case that is not likely. Anesthesia induction with cervical spine precautions versus no C-spine precautions: Downs syndrome is associated with atlanto-occipital instability in up to 20% of cases. It can occur in children as young as 4 years of age. The large head of the Downs child coupled with this atlanto-occipital instability places them at increased risk for cervical spine injury during anesthetic induction. Radiographic findings of cervical spinal instability in Downs syndrome remain controversial. Lateral radiographs of the neck in flexion and extension do not reliably detect atlanto-occipital instability. Due to impaired cognition and anxiety, positioning of the patient can be difficult. Old lateral neck radiographs are not available for this child. Due to the emergency situation, a current neck radiograph is not possible. Therefore cervical spine precautions should be performed. Extreme neck extension should be avoided in this child. Awake tracheotomy versus anesthesia induction with attempted laryngoscopy: The fact that this child has a known difficult direct laryngoscopy together with a documented Grade 3 view favors an awake tracheotomy under local anesthesia. This approach would maintain a protected airway at all times. Awake tracheotomy in adults and children are challenging. Optimal surgical positioning with neck extension is crucial for successful procedure. It is not expected, that this child will tolerate this procedure. This fact, together with the required c-spine precautions would exclude an awake tracheotomy as an option for this child. The plan is to perform an intravenous rapid sequence induction employing indirect laryngoscopy to place an endotracheal tube. Preparations for rigid laryngoscopy are in place and the surgeon is prepared to embark immediately with a surgical airway (in this case a triple set up). 45.4.3 How should you prepare for this case? Following the failed attempt to start an intravenous line in the emergency department, the child was brought to the operating room. As previously outlined, venous access is crucial for induction and fluid resuscitation. Placement of a central line in the awake child is a possible option. For internal jugular vein access, the head may need to be rotated with increased risk associated with the presumed atlanto-occipital instability. The subclavian approach has the risk of a pneumothorax. An ultrasound guided femoral vein approach is an alternative. On the other hand, several studies have shown that an intraosseos cannula can be placed within 60 seconds and that this line provides an excellent access for the administration of medications and fluids. Because of the risks associated with central line placement, the child was prepared for an intraosseous cannula. The right leg was prepped with antiseptic solution, and local anesthetic injected at the tibial plateau. An intraosseous canula was placed without incident. A normal saline solution flowed freely permitting the administration of 20ml.kg-1 bodyweight. Atropine 0.1 mg IV was administered to reduce additional secretions and mitigate vagal responses secondary to laryngoscopy. The usual monitors were applied (pulse oximetry, noninvasive blood pressure and EKG). The surgeon was prepared as was his equipment; the rescue airway cart was in the room. 45.4.4 Management of this child Concurrent with the placement of the intraosseous canula, the child was prepared for a rapid sequence induction. The child was denotrogenated with 100% FiO2 for 3 minutes employing a facemask that was reasonably tolerated with much cajoling. Considering the possibility of significant hypovolemia a 50/50 mix of Ketamine and Propofol (ketofol) was selected for induction and Succinylcholine for neuromuscular blockade. Cricoid pressure during induction was not applied to avoid stimulating vomiting in the already agitated child. It was applied after the child was deeply anesthetized. As soon as the child was deeply asleep and paralyzed, the mouth was suctioned easily and several clots were removed with the Magill Forceps. Again the brisk bleeding from the right tonsillar bed was noted. Since the previous direct laryngoscopy showed a Grade 3 view, a repeated direct laryngoscopy was not attempted. Because the oral cavity seemed to be free of clot, it was decided to proceed with indirect laryngoscopy with the GlidescopeÂÂ ®. Unfortunately, blood obscured the lens and following a prolonged laryngoscopy the attempt to intubate was abandoned. Oxygen saturations fell from 100% to 94% and despite the risk of aspiration, mask ventilation was begun and cricoid pressure was maintained.The saturations recovered nicely. At this point, faced with a failed intubation, rather than a failed airway it was decided to insert a ProSealÂÂ ® laryngeal mask. The oral cavity was once again suctioned with a rigid catheter under direct laryngoscopy and a number 3.0 ProsealÂÂ ® laryngeal mask was easily placed. No air leak was noted and pressure controlled ventilation with a pressure limit of 15 cm H2O was started. A number 5.5 uncuffed endotracheal tube was loaded on a pediatric flexible bronchoscope. Using the LMA ProSealÂÂ ® as a conduit, the bronchoscope was advanced into the trachea. Blood and secretions where present in the LMA and in the trachea but did not obscure the view through the bronchoscope. The ETT was placed easily. With a small air leak at 20 cm H2O airway pressure, it was decided not to change the ETT over a pediatric Cook airway exchanger to a cuffed ETT. Since the LMA did not obscure the surgeons view, it was decided to leave the LMA in place and remove it together with the endo tracheal tube at the end of the procedure after emerge of anesthesia. With a secured airway, the ENT surgeon cauterized the tonsillar bed, and the bleeding artery could be ligated. At the end of the procedure, a large bore nasogastric tube was placed through the suction port of the ProsealÂÂ ® laryngeal mask and the stomach suctioned. The child was taken to the pediatric ICU where he was extubated fully awake one hour later. 45.5 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 45.5 1 What is the current thinking with respect to the surgical management of post-tonsillectomy bleeding? Life threatening post-tonsillectomy bleeding requires an aggressive approach to surgical management. Initially pressure on the bleeding tonsillar fossa with a clamped gauze or the index finger may give sufficient time to start an intravenous line for blood work and cross match, and to provide for fluid resuscitation or blood transfusion if indicated. If intraoperative localization of the bleeding source is time consuming and local treatment is ineffective, ligation of the external carotid artery at an early stage may be required. Aberrant arterial blood supply to the tonsillar region deriving from the internal carotid artery or the carotid bulb may be present. In cases such as these, packing of the pharynx and angiographic embolization of the feeding artery may be necessary(9). 45.5.2 Are there specific measures that one ought to employ to reduce the postoperative morbidity and mortality of patients following tonsillectomy? The focus on post-tonsillectomy bleeding is on preventive measures, both by the surgeon and the anesthesia practitioner. Tonsillectomy technique: In comparison to the cold knife technique, hot techniques employing bipolar diathermy or coblation tonsillectomy are associated with an increased rate of secondary bleeding (4, 9). The duration, frequency and surgical extent of these techniques are linked to the amount of damage to the surrounding tissue. This damage leads to deeper zones of local necrosis which is vulnerable to bacteria- and enzyme-containing saliva, and therefore at increased risk of secondary bleeding (4, 5). Effects of postoperative, nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory drugs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit platelet cyclo-oxygenase (COX). A recent meta-analysis showed an increased risk of re-operation for hemostasis post-tonsillectomy if conventional NSAIDs such as ketorolac, ibuprofen or ketoprofen were used for postoperative pain control in children (10). On the other hand ketorolac has been proven to be an effective treatment for post tonsillectomy pain, and as a non-opioid delivers an intraoperative opioid sparing effect and leads to a reduction in postoperative respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting. A most recent meta-analysis did not find an altered number of perioperative bleeding events in patients given an NSAID (11). Still, the use of these drugs should be discussed with the surgeon and used with precautions. Effects of dexamethasone for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV): Postoperative nausea and vomiting increases the risk of primary hemorrhage and unexpected postoperative hospital admission. Dexamethasone has antiemetic properties in the perioperative setting. However, dexamethasone may inhibit wound healing, attenuate the inflammatory response to local infection and as a result perhaps increase the risk of postoperative bleeding. A recent study in children undergoing tonsillectomy and administered dexamethasone was prematurely terminated because of an increased bleeding rate (12). Similar to NSAIDs, the use of dexamethasone should be discussed with the surgeon und used with caution. Tonsillectomy as outpatient surgery: Traditionally, tonsillectomy has been associated with a hospital inpatient admission. Economic imperatives have pushed hospitals to perform tonsillectomies as outpatient day surgery procedures. The evidence has shown that this can be safely performed with the following exceptions: age under 3 years medical disorders that increase anesthetic and surgical risk craniofacial abnormalities abnormal coagulation, with or without an identifiable bleeding disorder obstructive sleep apnea acute peritonsillar abscess family conditions that prevent easy and rapid return to a medical facility Patients should always be observed for a minimum of 6 hours. They should be able to tolerate oral fluids and be pain free of prior to discharge. As an alternative to hospital admission, a 23 hour overnight observation period can be considered. 45.6 SUMMARY Post-tonsillectomy bleeding is a rare event, which occurs most often within 24 hours following tonsillectomy. However, it may be delayed for up to 14 days postoperatively. The amount and severity of bleeding along with the need to ensure patient comfort and a still surgical field most often make operative revision under general anesthesia necessary. The insidious and continuous nature of the bleeding may lead to significant hypovolemia which is often difficult to assess. Blood work and cross match as well as preoperative intravenous access with fluid resuscitation are crucial in the management of these children. Aspiration and a difficult airway are ever-present risks during the induction of anesthesia in these patients. Rapid sequence induction with direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation is the accepted first choice in the management of these children. An array of pediatric airway management devices need to be immediately available. Blood and secretions can obscure the laryngeal view and can make some devices more useful than others. A surgeon experienced in rigid broncoscopy and establishment of a surgical airway must be present during anesthesia induction. Cautious use of nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs and steroids is advocated. Any death related to a tonsillectomy is a unacceptable bleeding in otherwise healthy children.

Vengeance in The Count of Monte Cristo Essay -- The Count of Monte Cri

Vengeance in The Count of Monte Cristo The corpse of Madame de Villefort lay stretched across the doorway leading to the room in which Edward's lifeless body resided. Eyes filled with tears, the miserable M. de Villefort revealed the sorrowful scene to Dantes. After beholding the results of his revenge "Monte Cristo became pale at this horrible sight; he felt he had passed beyond the bounds of vengeance, and that he could no longer say 'God is for and with me.'" Set in France during the turmoil of the Napoleonic Era, The Count of Monte Cristo is an intricate tale of obsession and revenge. Alexander Dumas uses brilliant language and spell binding characters in order to weave the plot together to form a masterpiece. Falsely accused of treason, Edmond Dantes, a young sailor with a promising future,is arrested on his wedding day and imprisoned on the island fortress of the Chateau d'If with no hope for release. Dantes is the victim of the envy of Danglars, the lust of Fernand, and the political ambition of Villefort. The selfishness of these three men separate Dantes ...

Quotes from the Outliers

Select one of the choices from below (quotes from various chapters In Outliers book). Organization of paper: Typed 12 point Times New Roman font, MEAL format regarding header, title, and parenthetical citations 2 pages in length Dates: Work on paper in class (computer lab) Monday, final copy due Wednesday (printed paper copy due in class). You must also submit your essay online to www. Turning. Com by midnight on Wednesday, 2/12 or face up to a 20 point deduction.In Outliers Chapter 1, Malcolm Caldwell writes: â€Å"It's not enough to ask what successful people are like†¦ It is only by asking where they are from that we can unravel the logic behind who succeeds and who doesn't. † Agree or disagree. Support your position with appropriate evidence. In Outliers Chapter 2, Malcolm Caldwell writes: â€Å"†¦ People were given a special opportunity to work really hard and seized it, and who happened to come of age at a time when that extraordinary effort was rewarded by th e rest of society. Their success was not Just of their own making.The paragraphs must be arranged in a logical order with transitions between them. 10 Word Choice/Diction: Word choice should be precise. No slang. No contractions. 5 Sentence Fluency/Effective syntax: Essay should contain a variety of sentence types. 10 8 5 Presentation (MEAL format with left and right headers, title, page numbers, etc. ) 10 Conventions: Essay should be free of mechanical errors, usage errors, verb tense errors, spelling errors. No run-ones. No fragments. ONE point off for each error. 1100 points

Parenting Skills 5.09

Parenting Skills 5. 09 Lab Questions (A) Temper Tantrums 1. How can parents avoid temper tantrums? Parents can avoid temper tantrums by having a plan for when they are put in this situation. 2. What are the A, B, C’s? The A is the attribute that you would want your child to acquire. The B is the behavior that you want to go along with the attribute. And C is compassion that you want your child have to go along with their behavior. 3. Do you think using consequences and following the ABC process will help shape a child’s behavior? Why or why not?I do believe that using consequences and following the ABC process will help shape a child’s behavior. As long as the consequence is related to the offense it will make a difference. The child will realize that you are serious and will want the consequences to stop; thus molding the behavior. (B) Developing Language Skills in Babies 1. What are some of the reasons why people may not talk to babies as much today as they use d to? People may not talk to babies as much today as they used to because the family structure has changed and everyone is too busy. 2. Why do you think developing language skills is important for a child?Developing language skills is important for a child because it affects their ability to make friends and be sociable and emotionally well fed beings. 3. What are some of the ways that parents can encourage the development of language skills? Parents can encourage the development of language skills by communicating with their child and listening to them so that they can practice. (C) The Importance of Bedtime Reading 1. How many parents never read to their children at bedtime according to the study? What might prevent parents from reading to children? According to the study one in ten parents never read to their children.A parent’s busy schedule normally prevents them from reading to their children. 2. What are some of the benefits of reading to children? Include infancy thro ugh young school age children. Reading helps to improve concentration and listening skills in children. Without these two skills a child will find it very hard in school to concentrate effectively. 3. Did your parents or other caregivers read to you as a child? What effect do you think this had on you? My mother read to me on numerous occasions as a child. I believe that this is the reason why I love books and I have a relatively high vocabulary.

Food and Environmental Hygiene Department

Food and Environmental Hygiene Department It has been found out that several employees of Food and Environmental Hygiene Department have been involved in irregular work ethics. Investigations reveal that on regular basis, two of its foremen have absented themselves from work without permission. Mr. Lee confirmed that he usually went to visit his family in Shenzhen, but after finishing his daily duties that included field visits and cleaning equipment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Food and Environmental Hygiene Department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His absence from work summed up to 500 hours. He also claims that the attendance book was left unattended and thus he filled in information in the absence of the receptionist attendant. Mr. Tang offences include going on unpermitted medical leave and filling in the attendance records a day after. He claimed that he preferred a herbal doctor in Shenzhen for his cancer treatment and produced a medical certif icate as testament to that. He usually filled in the record book the following day. His total absent time from work was 1500 hours. During the investigation the supervisors confirmed that they were not aware of such absenteeism and that they had not given any permission to the two foremen at any given time. According to the Civil Service Regulations (1291), Mr. Tang is thus liable to disciplinary action. Even though his work was affected by his poor health, he had failed to produce the relevant permissible medical documents as proof (Medical certificates from herbal clinics are not permissible). He also filled in the attendance book a day after. Mr. Lee is also liable to punishment as he left the work place without permission to visit his wife. Even though he did it after finishing his work, he did not seek permission from his supervisors. He also falsified his attendance time. The supervisors and the front office attendant failed to execute their supervisory roles as they did not e xecute the department’s policy on absenteeism (Reese 69). This too is professional misconduct and liable to punishment. According to the Public Service (Administration) Order, these constitute serious as it involves a repetition of an offence and punishable. The supervisors and the receptionist carry the biggest burden of blame in this case. It is their professional irresponsibility that facilitated the offences of the two foremen. They should be demoted. Mr. Lee and Mr. Tang should be fined an equivalent amount to the time lost, as they did commit the offences willingly. The financial penalty should be accompanied by a official written warning of the consequences if the offences are repeated in future.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Food and Environmental Hygiene Department should take the following action to avoid such occurrences in future. Reese suggest that sup ervisors should be should work under senior supervisors (70). This will ensure that they are also accountable for their actions. The supervisors and the senior supervisors should also monitor the attendance book daily; at 7:30 am and 5:30 pm. there should also be immediate disciplinary measurers for such minor offences such as late coming. Lastly train employees on the need to be accountable for their actions (PRITTS para 11). This will ensure that employees report well in time for work and supervisors are accountable. Pritts, Craig. Achieving Employee Accountability. Smart Business. 2007. 28 February, 2011 sbnonline.com/article/achieving-employee-accountability-how-clear-expectations-benefit-everyone/ Reese, Charles. Accidents/ Incidents Prevention Techniques, crcnetbase. 2001. Web.

“Solutions to the Crime Problem in the United States” Essays

â€Å"Solutions to the Crime Problem in the United States† Essays â€Å"Solutions to the Crime Problem in the United States† Essay â€Å"Solutions to the Crime Problem in the United States† Essay Slavery had been practiced since the 18th century. During those times, blacks in the United States have been slaves in the tobacco plantations and some large farms. Labor-intensive cultivation in the tobacco farms had been experienced by Africans and any some other nationalities around the world. Nowadays, slavery is still exercised by some parts of the United States of America but it is not as intense as that of the slavery felt in the 18th century. The reason behind the decrease of slavery during this time is that slavery had been proclaimed illegal by the law.As defined by majority, slavery is a social-economic system wherein certain persons are being depressed of their freedom as persons and are required to perform labor and services. The crime control policy I am proposing for slavery should start from considering the thought that no man was born a slave. Moreover, slavery should be solved by proposing a sensible law prohibiting the act of slavery to ever y man living on earth may he be of different race and sex. The law should include personal freedom and will have the right to refuse to do labor or any act of service to other people. This law should be called the Anti-Slavery Act which should be supported from individual person to groups for proper implementation.From the point of view of the Classical Conservative, the crime control policy that was proposed for a solution to slavery could be battled over by the people who are behind the ideological positions. It is the nature of a Classical Conservative to preserve and to guard their established culture. Classical Conservative is a term describing the philosophy of politics which greatly support the values that are traditional to a certain group of people called â€Å"conservatives†. They have a strong principle that should keep guard their tradition which includes beliefs and customs. Other traditions include religious and cultural. Many groups of people in the earlier cen turies had considered slavery as part of their tradition. Moreover, it was carried until today’s centuries but it is only considered minimal since other cultures have already adopted foreign cultures. So to support the proposed crime control policy to solve slavery will have a very low appeal to the Classical Conservative type of people. If according to the background of the Classical Conservative people is considered, approximately, 20-30 percent of the people will say yes to the proposed crime policy.The definition of a crime for the Classical School of thought in criminology is defined by the legal code which means that there is crime without the law. This means that the point of view from the Classical School of thought will be somewhat similar to that of the Classical Conservative.Classical LiberalismChild abuse is defined as the maltreatment of the parents or guardians to a child in terms of physical sexual or emotional. Some causes of child abuse lies on the hands of t he abusers. Some of the abusers were victims of child abuse during their childhood days. Personality disorder of a person or mental disabilities can also cause a person to abuse a child. Extraordinary stresses undergone by parents can also be a factor of child abuse. Poverty, sickness or drug and alcohol abuse of parents had also played a role for the child to be abused.The crime control policy for the child abuse to be solved will start from the family and community level. Parents or guardians are required to attend seminars and symposiums regarding the prevention of child abuse. Family support programs could also be given to the families particularly the parents to prevent them from abusing their children when stress and problems occur in the family. Education and information for parents regarding the cause, effect and impacts of child abuse could also be acquired by parents in the community level.From the point of view of a classical liberalist, crime control policy for the solut ion of child abuses it will not be totally supported. The principles that govern classical liberalism state that it is very important for a classical liberalist to exercise individual freedom from restraint. Child abuse in the classical school of thought is perceived to not being a crime since in the earlier times; child abuse is mistaken to be called as a disciplinary action of a parent to his child. It is a normal trend for parents to abuse their children because of the lack of information for them to learn the cause, effect and impacts of child abuse to their family especially to the abused children.Social DemocracyChild abduction in the United States of America had been a problem but the Federal Bureau of Investigation had worked hard to eliminate this problem. Usually, kidnapping is done because of the ransom money asked by the kidnappers from the parents of the children being kidnapped. But with the efforts of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, nowadays, kidnapping for ranso m is already non-existent in the United States.Crime control policy would basically will involve the parents and the children or the family as a whole. The policy should contain such actions that the children know the basic information about them. The parents should always teach their children their complete name, the telephone number of the house, the telephone number of the emergency hotline and the address where they live. This basic information will help the children a lot to prevent them or save them if ever kidnapping will happen. Educating the children of not trusting everybody else especially the strangers when they are outside their houses should also be contained in the crime control policy. Talking to strangers should also be informed to the children that this may cause them to be abducted if ever. Children, when going out should always have a friend or an elder with them to prevent the cases of child abduction. Pointing out to children the safety places where they could go when they are in trouble should also be emphasized by parents to their children. Safety houses include houses of your neighborhood, the police station nearest friends’ houses. Child education about the causes and effects of child abduction the soonest possible time could greatly help to protect the safety of the children inside and outside homes. Knowledge of parents such as knowing the criminal background of their baby sitter is a very essential factor to consider in child safety.From the point of view of a social democrat, the crime policy above could be appealing. But according to the characteristics of the positivist in the school of thought, it is not possible for them not to support the crime control policy. The reason basically is they only call an action such a crime if it is based on a scientific explanation. A social democrat could consider the crime control policy because one of the characteristics of a social democrat is that if crime is low in a certain area, there are possibilities the increase in capitalism will be evident. It is not likely to a negative feedback of the crime control policy from the social democrats since the safety of the community they are living is a priority for them to gain from their investments and businesses.Egalitarian-SocialistThe fourth ideological position which is egalitarianism is defined as the equality in justice should be practiced among all kinds of people whatever the race and gender. More often than not, the crime control policy for the prevention of child abduction will be acceptable to the egalitarian people. This is because they are in favor of the fact that every man should be held equal under the law, the church and the right as a human being irregardless of the human race or ethnicity. Child abduction is considered a crime for most of the people supporting the egalitarian point of view. They define crime basing on international laws and human rights.The critical school of thought would also co nsider child abduction as a crime as with the view of the egalitarianists. The crime control policy would also be supported and will be approved by them because of the critical thinking that crimes committed should always deserve a corresponding punishment.

Ads and personal values Essays - Today, Free Essays, Term Papers

Dashawn Lewis Professor Robert English 1101 5, Oct, 2015 Ads and personal values I just discovered that i dont know anything about todays society.This of course came as a shock. I had thought that i was an informed citizen but i now know otherwise. this enlightenment came at great cost in time,and effort. the time was spent in watching television for for hour. The effort was to not lose my mind for unlike any other hour of tv, this time i was forced to actually watch the commercials. the values that tv presents seem to be present their own version of morality and values. thier idea of morality might not coincide with ours, but it does sell their products. Wait, i just learned that if i buy my girlfriend an anniversary band she will know that i love her. But of course the band is a few thousand dollars. oh wait, easy financing is a valuable. Damn i missed the small print that flashed for two seconds on the bottom of the screen. Oh well it must not have been important. wont my gf love me even if i cant afford to buy her this bracelet? i wonder if this is going to leave an impression on anyone with an anniversary coming up? could that be the intention? If i want to enjoy work i had better listen to the 99.1 jams and for lunch i can run out to arbys for 99 cent roast beef sandwiches,but only for a limited time. And if those sandwiches get me sick i can go to Osco and get some medicine twenty-four hours a day. All of these ads just came rapid fire. Is this playing upon my need for instant gratification? are the advertisers trying to get me to hurry? I have to go see a jeep dealer so i can outrun a bull in heat, but i better be carefull if i get it too dirty the pigs will fall in love with it. wow is that a nice jeep, but what is the price anyway? And is it practical to own a vehicle that can go anywhere on or off the road? i dont really need a car that can drive up the side of a mountain. But if a jeep isnt my ticket then buick has the car for me. its fast and responsive, just the car to get me to arbys for the 99 cent special. Here again i missed the small print. i wonder why they flash it so fast? what is in that print anyway? oh, if i get hungry i can go to I Hop, for a breakfast special. Guaranteed in ten minutes or it free. Now that a deal!! And guess what? Here it is again a repeat. i really had better go get that bracelet for my gf. and the buick must be really a good car for these people on tv to like is so well. And what is it with the Micheal Jordan hanes boxer anyway? i cant seem to figure out what it will do for me. Oh well i suppose if i wait they will tell me. i wonder what happened during my upbringing to leave me so deficient? is there anything that i can do to change this inability to make my own decision? Here it is for a very cool price i can buy the car that i need. it will get me where i want to go. And the females will stick to it like it was a magnet. Wow i need this car, I sure am glad they let me in on the secret. Of course i need over twenty thousand dollars to get it. But the women..And is this car the only way i can pick up females or is my charming personality enough? Oh well least my can get me to school. And how would i pay for this vehicle? It would be a huge drain on my finances, But that is not something they stated in the ad. Do i really need this car anyway? Will do all the things that implied in the ad? Today society as presented in this hour of commercials seem to be one of instant gratification,and

Life is Short Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life is Short - Essay Example These emotions shape his character, which helps him deal with the real world that is made up of different dynamics that he is yet to discover. Part of a man's life is to find out what the different compositions of life are. Furthermore, as he tries to discover the world, he learns from it. Man initially learns fear. He fears of being alone. He fears the world as it engulfs him into a myriad of rationally opportunistic human beings like him. These people are exactly just like him who wants to find their place in the world. However, once man learns how to deal with the different circumstances that are naturally existent on earth, he no longer fears. He finds comfort and excitement upon realizing his ability to interact. With his ability to maintain a harmonious relationship with other human beings, he discovers the different ways of how to make his life exciting. Man learns to have fun. It is at this point when he forgets the reality that sooner or later his happiness will have to end. The attention that he gets from the world and the unlimited pleasure that it gives him feels like a drug that makes him yearn for more wealth and power. As such, he does not realize how his life had gone by so fast. More often than not, it is too late when he finally realizes once more that his life will soon come to an end.

Legal Aspects of Mergers and Acquisitions in Business Research Paper

Legal Aspects of Mergers and Acquisitions in Business - Research Paper Example If ABC wants to acquire Smith Bicycle Company, a private seller, it is vital to consider the two ways of acquiring the company. The first way of acquiring the business is by buying shares in the company that owns the business (Gole & Morris, 115). The second way of acquiring the company is through purchasing the assets of the company, which comprises the business. It is imperative to state that in this situation, the company is the seller, and it will thereby sell some or the entire assets to the buyer. It is worth denoting that share sales structure the majority of the acquisitions. A variety of factors may affect the structure used. Occasionally, it is vital to restructure the business or company before its sale in order to allow for proper acquisition. In the case of Smith Company, it is imperative to state that tax implications tremendously determine the structure of a transaction for both the buyer and sellers. Their interests may conflict particularly when achieving the vast be neficial tax outcome. Moreover, where sellers are individuals, there is a likelihood that the sellers will favor a share sale in order to circumvent a latent double tax charge (Gole & Morris, 116). This tax charge comprises of an initial tax charge on the company during the sale of assets to the buyer, and an additional tax charge on the shareholders of the company, when they pull out the sale profits from the company. Since tax immensely proves as a critical determining factor towards the structure of a deal, it is vital for the buyer and seller to obtain specialist tax advice. Based on the share sale, the buyer acquires the company together with all its â€Å"assets, liabilities, and obligations† (Gole & Morris, 118). This offers the sellers a suitable break, as, after the sale of the company, they will cease to have direct conscientiousness for the company. The buyer will thus owe any prevailing liability under the terms of warranties and indemnities agreed upon in the sal e and purchase agreement. Based on business sale, there is only an acquisition of assets and liabilities purchased by the buyer, implying that everything else remains with the company (Gole & Morris, 118). If the buyer suspects of unknown liabilities within the company or troubled by any business aspect, the buyer prefers to structure the deal as a business sale. It is worth denoting that there exist more realistic and marketable issues to assert on a business sale other than on share sale. Based on the share sale, there is an only a transfer of ownership of the company shares. It is imperative to state that while there is a change on the shareholders of the company, the assets that are inclusive of business contracts and licenses remain with the company. From the outside, there is minimal change as customers and suppliers will continue dealing with the company. However, certain contracts such as financing contracts in conjunction with other long-term agreements at times require the consent of the other party after planning of change of company’s ownership (Gole & Morris, 120). It is critical to identify such contracts earlier in the acquisition process.

Should animals be used for research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should animals be used for research - Essay Example Throughout the paper we establish a single ideal perspective on why should there be continued animal testing for the general good of the public and how proactively can an initiative like this aid in making ground breaking discoveries for the future especially in research fields such as biomedical technology. Should animals be used for research? Medicinal investigators are required to prerequisite and comprehend health complications afore they can cultivate techniques to extravagance them. Certain diseases, illnesses and healthiness complications comprise of procedures that can unsociably be calculated in an active living organism only. Wildlife animals are essential to remedial medicine investigation once it is impracticable or unprincipled to use individual humans as test subjects. Animals brand decent investigative themes for a variation of different explanations. Animals fundamentally stand biologically comparable to humans. They are predisposed to numerous of the identical streng th glitches, besides they obligate to diminutive life-cycles so hence they can straightforwardly be premeditated during their entire life-span or transversely across a number of generations. In accumulative count, researchers can simply govern the surroundings nearby the animal (lighting, temperature, diet, etc.), which would stand problematic to organize for people. Yet, the utmost imperative intention as to why animals are rummage-sale is the fact that it would be ethically erroneous to intentionally render humanoids to health jeopardies in demand to perceive and observe the progression of an illness. Wildlife is casted-off in learning to cultivate medications and medicinal techniques to treat sicknesses. Researchers may regulate such remedies and trials by means of alternate investigation procedures that do not comprise animals. If the new-fangled treatment appears favorable, it is verified in animals to understand whether it appears to be harmless and operational. If the outcome s of the intuitive readings are good, then human participants are requested to yield measure in a experimental trial. The animal trainings are completed initially to give medicinal scientists an improved impression of whatever welfares and technical hitches they are likely to witness in humans. References: "Biomedical research", The Humane Society of the United States, accessed July 5, 2010. "Animal experimentation issues", Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. "Introduction", Select Committee on Animals In Scientific Procedures Report, United Kingdom Parliament. Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research", Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, The National Academies Press, 1988. Also see Cooper, Sylvia. "Pets crowd animal shelter", The Augusta Chronicle, August 1, 1999; and Gillham, Christina. "Bought to be sold", Newsweek, February 17, 2006. The use of non-human animals in research: a guide for scientists The Royal Society, 2004, page 1 "Science, Medicine, and Animals", Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Published by the National Research Council of the National Academies 2004; page 2 Animals Used for Medical Research A Philosophical Viewpoint By Carolyn C. Gargaro Written in July 1991

Is Wal-mart a net asset or a net liability to U.S. workers Research Paper

Is Wal-mart a net asset or a net liability to U.S. workers - Research Paper Example Other businesses in this part, for example Target, have identified the alterations in gas charges to double-check clients that their charges will be even better. Wal-Mart did the identical thing by supplying value services and discounts (Luce 2005 187-204). This submission is an equitably balanced even offer as well. Because the 2006 report was high, it entails that Wal-Mart had powerful sales, on the other hand, the percentage is even higher for 2007 propose that sales this year were even better, which stops too much supply left. Wal-Mart is founded in part on the obligation to assist run their every day sales. Analyzing the liability they use, it was advised more of liability utilized in 2007 in evaluation with 2006. Total liability in 2006 was 1,592 in evaluation with $ 2.007 billion in 2007. Debt ratio for 2007 was 30% in evaluation to 25%. It does not notify us too much on liability administration in esteem of each year. Increased from 5%, which notifies us that there is a requi rement for more liability, but not seriously? This displays that, in evaluation with 2006, the business has stayed steady in periods of assets relation to liability, and assets have expanded as well (Preinreich 2008 219-241). This may be rather deceptive, since the liability has expanded from less than $ 500 million. Since this business does well, it is conspicuous that this number should extend to drop, suggests that the business does well. Since lenders address these accounts to glimpse if the business will manage good agreements on their borrowings and bonds, it is imperative that Wal-Mart extends to convey those figures down. Reports and numbers to assess the total snare earnings of Wal-Mart were so straightforward to work out because of the advantages before, in 2007 in evaluation with 2006. Net earnings margin was 0,057 to 1 in 2007, as snare earnings of $ 2,016,000, while total incomes amounted to 35.214 million. Net margin ratio in 2006 was 0,055 to 1. This connection is sig nificant for investors because it displays how much earnings is made for $ 1 of income. As the earnings was good in 2006, it is conspicuous that the earnings was established earnings was affirmative, in detail, there are considerable profits. ROI was furthermore affirmative in 2007 due to snare income. Return on assets was 0.30 to 1 in 2007, in evaluation with 0.33 to 1 in 2006. ROI is utilized to display how to organize Wal-Mart to develop income. It is conspicuous that in 2007, this work has been finished a little better than in 2006. For investors, it is significant to understand how the administration business does, and it is conspicuous that the authority of Wal-Mart desire to save what they manage, because it devotes you a very good profit. Return on equity Wal-Mart is furthermore a bit better. In 2007, come back on equity was contradictory in 30% in evaluation with come back on equity for 2006 was 28%. For evaluation, in 2007 was much better than in 2006 due to snare income. This evaluation displays that in 2007; shareholders obtained a decent allowance of come back on their investments for the year 2006 shareholders, who have won, but not as much as in 2007. In supplement, a powerful sign that even in 2006, investors extend to invest in this business in 2006 (Fishman 2006 45-69). Currently, the cost per share

NEEDS DOCUMENT, USE CASES, AND SCENARIOS Assignment

NEEDS DOCUMENT, USE CASES, AND SCENARIOS - Assignment Example The need of ERP SAP system is a need of most of Riordan dealers and customers with which Riordan would be capable to exchange logistic and investment files for application of Electronic Data Interchange(EDI). This would simplify the procedure of data exchange and lessen high costs of printing and documents mailing. Problem Statement To incorporate their complex operations as well as create a better more receptive and proficient information technology. Project Goals To integrate the functioning of various departments and work locations by providing a common software platform which will acts as a common information system for the entire organization? The Project purpose is to alleviate the warehouse management system to allow easy purchase and recording of transactions. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) gives efficient solutions to how the company controls its inventory and manufacturing procedures. Raw materials receiving, production, and the end product distribution are the three sections of inventory and manufacturing processes. Improvements in each of these sections will necessitate updating or fresh implementation of a computer system that will ensure accuracy, bestow unrivaled customer service, and most of all save the corporation money and time. Riordan existing system is a seven step procedure that includes a different document for each step. These procedures are costly and time consuming, which deter future growth toward expanding into an international organization. They include: Scheduled orders documentation; Receiving documentation; Raw materials or sub-assemblies documentation; Orders received documentation; Sub-assembly and end-product documentation; Sales order form procedures and Shipping documentation. Along with each of these procedures an inventory personnel is responsible inputting the information into a database or computer, which could imaginably be taken as 14 separate procedures. Through broad study, the research team believes that Rio rdan inventory and manufacturing procedure would be greatly enhanced by employing a Warehouse Management System, also known as WMS. According to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) expertise this system gives all subsections inside a venture. Project benefits A Warehouse Management System helps every division within the factory instantly and effortlessly to recover any and all essential records, shipping and receiving information. Riordan Manufacturing Company declares in the mission proclamation that one of the company’s goals is to make its commodities available to clients. Riordan Manufacturing will fruitfully achieve the goal of making the company’s products available to customers by employing the use of shipping tag printers, hand held computer devices and an Intelli Track Software system with the ability of printing. An Intelli Track Software system would link the whole corporation through a LAN. Production will be hugely increased through the improvement of real time once this streamline is applied. Having innovative functioning methods will give management a clear, imminent vision on how to give superior traceability. In terms of the end product distribution, an Order Fulfillment System or OFS will vastly advance any system that helps in fulfilling a client order. Implementation of an OFS normally comprises a WHS. An OFS is a technology that re-palletizes and de-palletizes commodities for delivery to a sales center.

Analysis of Hayek's The Road to Serfdom Term Paper

Analysis of Hayek's The Road to Serfdom - Term Paper Example Ultimately, Hayek believes that these two states and others did not intend to go down this road to serfdom; however, he thinks, it is the natural result of a certain philosophy and a particular concept of freedom. These inconsistent ideas make possible the kind of unjust distribution and allocation of resources resulting in the tyrannical socialist state: where conflict is unstopping, economic principles are ignored, and suffering is taken to be the norm. Hayek intended the content and theories in this work not only to apply to the climate in which he wrote it but to the condition of societies as they exist decades and even centuries into the future. Hayek begins his work with a worry: that socialism and central planning is essentially a â€Å"road to serfdom† and that if one goes along this road, one will be traveling down the same road as the most brutal totalitarian states of the 20th century. Citing Hitler’s 1941 proclamation that â€Å"basically National Socialism and Marxism are the same†, Hayek begins his work with that basic theme. ... Using this thrust of the argument, Hayek analyzes the central planning aspect of many economies in the world. If societies might be better off using a spontaneous order, then what is the purpose of a central plan, Austrian economists might argue. The idea of spontaneous order is inherent in the â€Å"invisible hand† economic proposal in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nation; however, Hayek elaborates on the likelihood of acting on more complete information in the case of spontaneous order, whereas the centralized authority operates on a limited set of information, attempting to make decisions affecting the economy. Hayek’s second chapter deals with something he calls â€Å"The Great Utopia†, which is a reference to the socialist state that utilizes central planning. The most important part of this section is the argument that socialism and communism together are â€Å"an illusion† (Hayek 165). That is, they are merely the first step in a process that ul timately ends in fascism and tyranny. This is the lack of agreement on the ends but an agreement on the means.  Ã‚  

NEEDS DOCUMENT, USE CASES, AND SCENARIOS Assignment

NEEDS DOCUMENT, USE CASES, AND SCENARIOS - Assignment Example The need of ERP SAP system is a need of most of Riordan dealers and customers with which Riordan would be capable to exchange logistic and investment files for application of Electronic Data Interchange(EDI). This would simplify the procedure of data exchange and lessen high costs of printing and documents mailing. Problem Statement To incorporate their complex operations as well as create a better more receptive and proficient information technology. Project Goals To integrate the functioning of various departments and work locations by providing a common software platform which will acts as a common information system for the entire organization? The Project purpose is to alleviate the warehouse management system to allow easy purchase and recording of transactions. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) gives efficient solutions to how the company controls its inventory and manufacturing procedures. Raw materials receiving, production, and the end product distribution are the three sections of inventory and manufacturing processes. Improvements in each of these sections will necessitate updating or fresh implementation of a computer system that will ensure accuracy, bestow unrivaled customer service, and most of all save the corporation money and time. Riordan existing system is a seven step procedure that includes a different document for each step. These procedures are costly and time consuming, which deter future growth toward expanding into an international organization. They include: Scheduled orders documentation; Receiving documentation; Raw materials or sub-assemblies documentation; Orders received documentation; Sub-assembly and end-product documentation; Sales order form procedures and Shipping documentation. Along with each of these procedures an inventory personnel is responsible inputting the information into a database or computer, which could imaginably be taken as 14 separate procedures. Through broad study, the research team believes that Rio rdan inventory and manufacturing procedure would be greatly enhanced by employing a Warehouse Management System, also known as WMS. According to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) expertise this system gives all subsections inside a venture. Project benefits A Warehouse Management System helps every division within the factory instantly and effortlessly to recover any and all essential records, shipping and receiving information. Riordan Manufacturing Company declares in the mission proclamation that one of the company’s goals is to make its commodities available to clients. Riordan Manufacturing will fruitfully achieve the goal of making the company’s products available to customers by employing the use of shipping tag printers, hand held computer devices and an Intelli Track Software system with the ability of printing. An Intelli Track Software system would link the whole corporation through a LAN. Production will be hugely increased through the improvement of real time once this streamline is applied. Having innovative functioning methods will give management a clear, imminent vision on how to give superior traceability. In terms of the end product distribution, an Order Fulfillment System or OFS will vastly advance any system that helps in fulfilling a client order. Implementation of an OFS normally comprises a WHS. An OFS is a technology that re-palletizes and de-palletizes commodities for delivery to a sales center.

Jerusalem Today Essay Example for Free

Jerusalem Today Essay Three criminals were crucified today, including the rabble-rouser Jesus Christ, who has been instigating a great deal of controversy of late. After months of hotly contested debate, the execution was eagerly awaited by the priests and the people, notwithstanding Jesus’ many followers. Despite Jesus’ proclamations, speeches, and promises, God did not come to save him. The suspect was arrested in Gethsemane following dinner and charged with claiming to be the â€Å"King of Jews. Sources at the scene said that during his final dinner with his disciples, Jesus shocked everyone present by announcing, â€Å"I tell you the truth, one of you will betray me† (MAT 26:21). These sources revealed that Jesus believed his betrayer would be a man named Judas Iscariot, who promptly left the table. Judas appears to have felt great remorse for his alleged betrayal, hanging himself before morning. Jesus was quickly brought before the high priest Caiaphas to be accused. After much debate, the priests decided to bring him to the governor to confer a sentence of death upon him. Jesus was brought before the governor Pontius Pilate who deferred to the will of the people and sentenced him to be crucified. The thief Barabbas, who was also arrested, was granted a reprieve at the people’s request. When asked to comment, former disciple Peter denied Jesus, claiming to have no knowledge. Two thieves and Jesus Christ were taken to the â€Å"Place of the Skulls† for execution. Jesus was dressed in a purple robe for the journey; however, he was stripped at the scene. Once he was placed on the cross, he was treated to a great deal of mocking and derision from bystanders. After six hours, Jesus said his final words, â€Å"Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? † (â€Å"My God, My God, why have you forsaken me? †), and succumbed to his injuries. He was stabbed through the side to ensure he had reached his final rest and his body ran with blood and water. He is to be buried in a private tomb at the request of his disciples. Sources inside the Pilate government had no immediate comment. Interviews â€Å"I try not to think about it,† Nicole Canter said after being asked what she thought of the current economic crisis. â€Å"I mean, it just makes my stomach queasy. The 22-year-old Santa Ana resident works as a waitress at two local restaurants. A republican, Nicole was hesitant to blame the situation on former President Bush, but admitted that there were clearly areas that could have been improved. â€Å"It’s affecting everyone,† she said. â€Å"I still have a job, but my hours have been cut and business is poor in general. † Nicole worries that when she finishes college, there won’t be any jobs for her to take, but hasn’t followed any of the activity of President Obama but has hope that â€Å"someone will do something. † She just wants to see an improvement and isn’t picky about where it comes from. I hope for the best,† she said, â€Å"and I try not to imagine the worst. † At age 72, Geoffrey Simonson should be set for life after a lifetime of saving for his retirement. But he’s worried that his investments won’t last long enough now that the economy has fallen. â€Å"My portfolio has lost 40% of its value. It makes me very angry. † When asked what he thinks caused the crisis, Geoffrey is quick to excuse Bush. â€Å"It was a lack of oversight by congress,† he says, claiming that under President Clinton, the democrats passed the Glass Steigel Act which only made the problem worse. The democratic majority had the opportunity to police the banks but they didn’t and instead took big ‘donations’ to look the other way. † His frustration is obvious, and his anger at the democrats â€Å"passing the buck† onto Bush is evident as well. â€Å"[Bush] was not the problem,† he insists. As for how the situation is affecting him, â€Å"Well, my son lost his job and had to move to Dallas so I can’t see him or my grandkids anymore. † His sadness is apparent. Many of his neighbors and friends have lost their job along with his son. The economy is a mess right now,† he concedes, â€Å"but Bush didn’t do it. † After the rescuing of the banking and automotive industry, Geoffrey believes the administration is hemorrhaging money at a huge cost to the children. â€Å"Spiraling inflation is imminent. Hopefully they make some changes soon that make sense. † That’s all anybody can ask for. Fullerton resident Charles Gothart, 42, lost his job as a marketing manager last April and has not been able to find a new one. â€Å"It’s been over a year and it’s discouraging. I have some savings, but my capital is dwindling. It’s a tough market. Charles blames the current economy on a â€Å"catastrophe of management† on the part of the Bush administration, naming late intervention, poor credit management by the banks and the people, and the fact that the banks were not only allowing people to live beyond their means, but encouraging it. â€Å"I was downsized after fourteen years on the job. They’re being brutal, cutting all the way across the board. Sad to see. † Charles worries daily about the market and the economy. â€Å"I’ve lost about 20%, not as bad as some, but that doesn’t include my pension which has taken a bruta l hit. The measures that Obama has passed haven’t done nearly enough, he’s following in Bush’s footsteps. † As for how he feels, Charles’ anger emanates from him. But he hasn’t completely given up hope. â€Å"Obama’s still new, maybe something will change. † We can only hope. â€Å"Life on disability is always hard, but lately, it’s been worse. † 36-year-old Huntington Beach resident, Catherine Rigley is gloomy. â€Å"Living on a fixed income is always frustrating, but now I can’t even supplement it with outside work. There just isn’t a market. † Catherine blames the poor policy making on the part of the Bush government and the lack of regulation in the banking industry. â€Å"They should have intervened sooner, they just should have. Although,† she concedes, â€Å"they probably would have done the wrong thing anyway. † After months of escalating unemployment, Catherine’s sister, boyfriend and mother all lost their jobs. â€Å"I can’t be laid off, that doesn’t mean it doesn’t affect me. † Catherine admits to being scared about the return of the economy, believing it’s going to take awhile. I don’t think they’re doing enough for the unemployment rate. † But they have made some positive steps. Catherine has hope that things will turn around. â€Å"It all depends on the markets; when they do better we do better. Let’s just hope they start doing better. † Caregivers never make enough money, but when you add a faltering economy, you create a tenuous position for the largely under appreciated part of the workforce. Darlene Tonter, 56, a Fountain Valley resident, has worked as a caregiver for the past 25 years and recently lost her job due to a client’s death. After having a difficult time finding new employment, Darlene found herself expressing her frustration with the Bush administration. â€Å"The economy is always a mess when a republican is in office. Always has been, always will be. † Her daughter has also lost her job. â€Å"Denise has been unemployed for nearly six months and hasn’t gotten an interview yet. She’s really good and has wonderful recommendations, but there are a lot of people who are willing to work for less. † She shrugged her shoulders, a tear running from her eye. â€Å"I hope the stimulus works, I hope something works. † She sighs heavily. â€Å"I just want to feel secure again. †

Maglev Wind Turbine and Solar Panel for Streetlight

Maglev Wind Turbine and Solar Panel for Streetlight Abstract:  This work describes the implementation of VAWT and solar panel for electricity generation from renewable energy sources that are wind energy and solar energy respectively. The VAWT worked on electromagnetism principle has suspension system of permanent magnets instead of ball bearing used in conventional wind turbines. The electrical energy generated by this hybrid system is then used for streetlight purpose. Keywords: Wind energy, Solar energy, Magnetic Levitation, VAWT, Savonius Turbine, Solar panel 1. INTRODUCTION The primary factor for survival of human beings is the energy. Everything what happens in the world is the expression of flow of energy from one form to another. Electric power is not available in many rural areas due to high cost of generation and distribution to small dispersed users. For electricity generation we have to greatly depend upon hydraulic and nuclear power plants. But due to their certain disadvantages like area compensation, high initial cost, availability of resources and also the pollution, there is need to rethink on some another renewable energy resources. Solar energy and wind energy are available abundantly all over the world with free of cost. These energies are harnessed by human beings for a long time and with the advanced technologies we can take their advantage to generate electricity. The potential of solar energy is 178 billion MW which is about 20000 times the worlds demand and the potential of wind energy is 1.6ÃÆ'-107 MW equal to magnitude of present energy consumption on the earth. The solar energy can be converted to electrical energy by photovoltaic cells. The kinetic energy of wind can be converted to electrical energy by wind turbine. As conventional wind turbine has certain disadvantages; vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are the alternate solution. The merits of VAWT are low initial and running cost, easy installation, less space acquired, capability to capture wind from any direction and elimination of ball bearings by the use of magnetic levitation technique. The advantage of these two renewable energy resources can be taken by making a hybrid system so we do not required depending on availability of any single resource. The electricity required for domestic purpose can be generated by unique combination of solar system and wind system. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Solar power The solar power where sun hits atmosphere is 1017 watts, whereas the solar power on earths surface is 1016 watts. The total world-wide power demand of all needs of civilization is 1013 watts. Therefore, the sun gives us 1000 times more power than we need. If we can use 5% of this energy, it will be 50 times what the world will require. 2.2 Principle of working of photovoltaic cell Electricity can be produced from the solar energy by photovoltaic solar cells. When photons from the sun are absorbed in a semi-conductor, they create free electrons with higher energies than the electrons which provide the bonding in the base crystal. Once these free electrons are created, there must be an electric field to induce these higher energy electrons to flow out of the semi-conductor to do useful work. The electric field in most solar cells is provided by a junction of materials which have different electrical properties. The photovoltaic effect can be easily described easily for p-n junction in semi-conductor materials of solar cells which are silicon, cadmium, sulphide/copper sulphide , gallium arsenite. Fig-1 Working principle of photovoltaic cell 2.3 Various type of solar cell Thecomparison of various types of pv-cell is Price Efficiency 1 W size Current production Single crystal High 10-17% 1 About 30% Polcrystalline Medium 10-13% 1.3 About 60% Amorphous Low 7-10% 1.7 About 10% 2.4 Wind energy Wind energy is an indirect source of solar energy. Factors responsible for wind are- 1. Heating and cooling of the atmosphere which generates convection currents. Heating is caused by the absorption of solar energy on the earths surface and in the atmosphere. 2. The rotation of earth with respect to atmosphere, and its motion around the sun. 2.5 Wind power Three factors determine the output from wind energy converter- 1. The wind speed 2. The cross section of wind swept by rotor, and 3. The overall conversion efficiency of rotor, transmission system and generator or pump. No device, however well designed, can extract all of the winds energy because the wind would have to be brought to a halt and this would prevent the passage of more air through the rotor. The most that is possible is for the rotor to decelerate the whole horizontal column of intercepted air to about one-third of its free velocity. A 100% efficient aerogenerator would therefore only be able to convert upto a maximum of around 60% of the available energy in wind into mechanical energy. Well-designed blades will typically extract 70% of the theoretical maximum, but losses incurred in the gear box, transmission system and generator or pump could decrease overall wind turbine efficiency to 35% or less. The wind mill works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of wind to mechanical energy. The mass of wind is- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (1) Kinetic energy of wind is- Watts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2) But, the power is nothing but kinetic energy of wind. Hence, available wind power- Watts Watts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (3) Where, A= area swept by the blades, m2 V= velocity of wind, m/s à ªÃ‚ Ã‚ ¬= air density (1.225 kg/m3 at sea level) 2.5 Types of VAWT 1. Savonius rotor Characteristics of Savonius rotor Self-starting Low speed Low efficiency. Advantages: The machine performs at low wind velocity ranges. It has simple construction, hence easy to manufacture. Cost of VAWT may be significantly lower than that of standard wind turbine. Ground level mounting. Overall weight of the turbine may be substantially less than of conventional system. Disadvantages: This type of machine is too solid, having so much metal It is not useful for a very tall installation because a long drive shaft problems. 2. Darrieus rotor Characteristics of Darrieus rotor Not self-starting High speed High efficiency Potentially low capital cost Advantages: Rotor blades can accept the wind from any direction Ground level mounting Eliminate yaw control mechanism Less airfoil fabrication cost Disadvantages: It requires external mechanical source for start up At low height, it experiences a lower wind velocity compare to conventional turbines 3. MAGNETIC LEVITATION 3.1 Principle As we know that, when two like poles of magnet are bring together, they get repels from each other. This characteristic of magnet is used for the suspension purpose in vertical axis wind turbine. Due to the absence of physical contact between magnetic bearings, there is benefit of no friction and hence no wear. Also the no need of lubrication, no power loss and the absence of noise generation. Fig-2 Principle of Magnetic Levitation 3.2 Magnet Selection The strength of magnet to get attract or repels is depend on its material configuration. There are basically four categories of magnet that are alnico, ceramic, samarium cobalt and neodymium iron boron (Nd-Fe-B). Nd-Fe-B is the newest invention out of these which exhibits strongest magnetic properties. This magnet is used for the suspension purpose in VAWT. The repelling force exerted by these magnets holds the weight as well as force exerted by wind turbine. Fig-3 B-H curve of different magnets [1] From figure B-H curve depicts attractive magnetic characteristics of Nd-Fe-B offering high flux density with the ability of resisting the property of demagnetization. The permanent magnets selected were N-42 grade Nd-fe-B having ring shape which consist of nickel plating for strengthening and protecting the magnet. 3.3 Magnet placement To obtain thenecessary suspension for wind turbine, two ring shaped Nd-Fe-B magnets are arranged at the middle of the shaft. Magnetic suspension leads to frictionless, noiseless, maintenance less and power loss less rotations of rotor over stator. The similar 8 number of Nd-Fe-B disc shaped magnets are located around the bottom side periphery of wooden disc at above the top magnet. The flux generated by these disc shaped magnets is used for power generation with the help of the generator. Fig-4 Placement of ring magnet on turbine shaft Fig-5 Placement of disc magnets on rotor 4. COIL DESIGN AND ITS ARRANGEMENT To design the definite number of turns per coil is difficult. If the more turns are wound it increase the emf generated from each coil but increase the size of the every coil. For minimizing the size, wire having higher gauge can be used. If the diameter of wire is small low amount of current will flow leading to heating ofwire because of the increased resistance of wire which is another difficult task. Field density is the problem attached with large size coil for designing the generator for given application. Increase in gap between two magnets by increasing height of coil results in reduction of magnetic flux. Hence necessary voltage and current must be balanced. Fig-7 Coil arrangement on stator 5 HYBRID SYSTEM Sometimes due to unavailability of any single resource that is either solar energy or wind energy, there is effect on efficiency of such system. Also to decrease the load on single system, we can interconnect the solar system and wind system together. The output of solar system is DC and that of wind system is AC. So by the use of rectifier AC can be converted to DC and finally this combined DC is given to battery for storage purpose. Fig-8 Hybrid system 6. ENERGY STORAGE When there is no need of generated electrical energy or when the generated energy is excess than demand for application, there is need to store electrical energy. Therefore a 12V battery is used for storage purpose. The electrical energy is stored in the battery in the form of chemical energy when not to used and get convert from chemical energy to electrical energy When required to be used. 7. CONCLUSION The efficiency and effectiveness of VAWT increases due to the use of magnetic levitation principle. For domestic application it is convenient to use Maglev turbine than to use conventional turbine as it requires less space and also low initial and maintenance cost. Maglev turbine with large capacity gives more power than conventional horizontal axis turbine. To decrease the load on any single system, the concept of interconnection of solar and wind is very helpful. This hybrid system along with streetlight application can be used for several domestic applications like mobile and laptop charging, CCTV, to enlighten the single room etc. Use of renewable energy sources with initial investment can make the user free from electricity bill. 8. REFERENCES [1] Harshal V. and Kharat R. K, Power generation using Maglev Windmill International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology (IJRET) Volume: 05 Issue: 06 June: 2016 [2] Ashvin P. Joseph Review paper on Wind Turbine using Magnetic Levitation International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology (IJRMET) Volume: 6 Issue:1 Nov 2015-April 2016 [3] G. D. Rai, Non-conventional energy sources Khanna publishers, fourth edition, 2008 [4] B. Bittumon Design and analysis of Maglev Vertical Axis Wind Turbine International journal of emerging technology and advanced engineering (IJETAE) Volume: 4 Issue: 4 April 2014

Euripedes Medea versus Aristotlean Poetics Essay -- essays research p

Aristotle, a philosopher, scientist, spiritualist and passionate critic of the arts, spent many years studying human nature and its relevance to the stage. His rules of tragedy in fact made a deep imprint on the writing of tragic works, while he influenced the structure of theatre, with his analysis of human nature. Euripides 'Medea', a Greek tragedy written with partial adherence to the Aristotelian rules, explores the continuation of the ancient Greek tales surrounding the mythology of Medea, Princess of Colchis, and granddaughter of Helios, the sun god, with heartlessness to rival the infamous Circe. While the structure of this play undoubtedly perpetuates many of the Aristotelian rules, there are some dramatic structures which challenge its standing with relevance to Aristotle's guidelines, and the judgment of Medea as a dramatic success within the tragic genre. With relevance to the most qualitative of the Aristotelian rules, that which dictates the necessity of continuing cathartic elements throughout the action, Medea is doubtlessly an epitome. Aristotle (Poetics 7.2) wrote that a fitting tragedy ?should, moreover, imitate actions which excite pity and fear, this being the distinctive mark of tragic imitation.? These focus elements, of pity and fear are essentially what formulate the action within Medea, and in turn, reflect upon the characters creating a relevance to the audience, and the cathartic response for which Aristotle was so passionate. A key point within the text of Medea, which represents the perpetuation of these emotive elements, is when she is informed by Kreon, [Lord of Corinth] that she is to be exiled, as the following excerpt details. MEDEA: Aiai. Utterly destroyed. Dead. ... ... survived the bastardization which comes with any translation. NURSE: If only the Argo hadn?t crashed through the waves To distant and dangerous Colchis! If only the pine trees on Pelion Mountain had never been felled, for the heroes who went in pursuit of the golden fleece for Pelias. (Act 1, sc i. Lines 1-6 The speech is poetry in itself, and if such a verse can be created in translation, what beauty could be found in the original text. If nothing else, this essay has proven the synthesis of Aristotelian and unconventional tragic elements, through the use of the tragic hero, the three unities and the support of a cathartic response from the audience. Also though, with disregard to many Aristotelian rules, to create perhaps not a dramatic success by Aristotle?s ideals, but undoubtedly an effective and challenging text which is Medea.

The Chinese Literati Painting Tradition :: Art History Papers

The Chinese Literati Painting Tradition One can not help but marvel at the beauty of the Chinese landscapes, the vast space, the intricacies, the imaginative structures, the subtle colorations. To a western eye they are beautiful but to the Chinese they are far more. The paintings embody or portray all aspects of Tao. The caligraphy and imagery in each painting take on spiritual significance. The artist-scholar can spend years searching for understanding in each work. This understanding he seeks is not just of the scene he sees but of universal structure and himself within it. In turn, his discoveries surface in his brushwork, composition, and the spirit of his mountains, trees, water, and sky. It is no wonder, that the cannon for Chinese art remained among the literati painters over so many centuries. Through painting, one could reach a further understanding of Tao or rather repossess his ancestors knowledge of Tao. The Tao, with its associated notions of oneness of "spirit and matter," the external flux of all things, the resolution of opposites, and the significance of the nonexhistant, was the cornerstone on which Chinese based theirpainting and their theories of painting It is the search for understanding that drives the artist-scholar to paint. Shen Chou, an artist from the Ming Dynasty tells of his new found knowledge and cleansed mind which he has reached through only experiencing nature. His words are translated from the calligraphy in Night Vigil (above, center). Through mental abstinence and by sitting alone by the light of the flickering candle long into the night, I must pursue both the [outer] principals of things and the wondorous [inner] workings of the mind. By using this method for self-cultivation and responding to things, I shall posess understanding. The Literati were generaly of the beurocracy. They were well mannered in Confucian traditions, well educated, and well off. They were first scholars before they were painters. In fact painting was generally concidered an outlet for scholars. Scholar-painters were greatly respected, their work was part of high culture. The great artist-scholars wrote at length, advising techniques for painting and calligraphy. They formed different schools of thinking across China. Their names and spirits were remembered through vast literature and in the paintings themselves. Every succeeding generation of artist scholars rekindled the spirit of their ancsestors through their own works of art and literature. And so it continued until the fall of Dynastic China. Unfortunately though, literati remains difficult for Westerners to fully comprehend and appreciate.

Macroeconomics Policy and Sustainable Development in Nigeria

MACROECONOMICS POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION In normal economic condition, macroeconomic policy drivessustainable development of anation. The two main branches of macroeconomics policies are based on monetary and fiscal economics. Central Bank, the nationalapex bank controls the monetary policy while the Ministry of Financeplays major role in national fiscal policy. However, most economists concur that, synergy exists between micro-and macro-economics variables and two policy agents of government: the CBN and Ministry of Finance determine the success or the degree of sustainability of macroeconomic development.In support of theimportance of central bank in macroeconomic policy, Ampong(2005) posits that non-artificial central bank independency has beena source of great success for the management and stabilisation of macroeconomic variables in countries like Norway, Sweden, Israel, Iceland, Denmark, New Zealand, United Kingdom, etc. In essence, there is the ory gap among economists onthe level of central bank’s independence, especially in developing economy such as Nigeria where there have been constant agitating for curtailing of the CBN’s autonomy. Nigeria economy has passed many phases since the introduction of SAP by Babangida Government in 1986.The Abacha Government came up with Vision 2010, the Obasanjo with NEEDS, the Yar’dua with Nigeria Vision 20:2020 and presently, the Jonathan’s Transformation Agenda. From 1986, Nigeria had total of four CBN Governors plus the incumbent, MallamSanusiLamidoSanusi. CBN Bulletin (2011) enumerated policy contents of SAP with major objectives to remove the controls of interest rates, enhance the institutional structure and supervision. Most importantly, to strengthen the money and capital markets through policy changes and distress resolution measuresand to improve the linkages between formal and informal financial sectors.The removal of the control of interest rate th rough inflation targeting is somewhat the main focus of SAP. The concernsof the financial operators, the real sectors managers, the economists, and the policy analysts are the effectiveness of macroeconomic policy instruments of the CBN and the Ministry of Finance. Then, the impact in GDP growth rate,the stability of macroeconomic variables and the economic growth policy sustainability. In essence, citizens want to see how growth in GDP results to increase in employment, equal distribution of wealth, enabling business nvironment, and improvements in Human Development Index(HDI). National Bureau of Statistics, NBS (2013) data presents positive outlook of the annual macroeconomic variables in Nigeria as reported by CBN. From 1980 to 2012, the data depicts constant increase in GDP Growth Rate,stable money supply, controlled inflation Rate, favourable interest Rate, etc. The Monetary Policy Committee(MPC) has maintained interest rate at double digits since 2009. Many economists and poli cy analysts question the integrity of NBS macroeconomic data and the CBN reports on the state of the economy.Ojomaikre(2012) questions the rationale of a statement he accredited to Nigeria’s Finance Minister,NgoziOkonjo-Iweala that Nigeria is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Ojomaikre argues that Nigeria is not growing but broke. He asserts that government survey found out that, unemployment had increased across the country and was higher in rural than in urban areas. Similarly,he argues that the absolute poverty level had leapt from 54 per cent in 2006 to 70 per cent in 2010. The contradictions and argumentsregarding the growth of Nigeria economy and sustainability continue unabated.Obafemi(2013) supports some policies already implemented by the CBN in the last few years. He, however,questions the effectiveness of these policies in achieving the desired results and their sustainability. Sustainability in his opinion is about policy reversals when the presen t CBN Governor leaves office. Hoover(1988), posits that policy ineffectiveness theorem of New Classical school can be used to describe the current economic quagmire in Nigeria. PROBLEMS OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Nigeria’s financial sector witnessed seemly tremendous innovations preceding the SAP  in 1986.Objectives of SAP are to provide a liberalised and level playing field for the emergency of effective and efficient institutions that would serve as an engine of economic growth. As part of the reforms, CBN liberated the operating licenses of commercial banks. Their number rose from 40 in 1986 to 120 banks in 1992. The reforms led to the emergences of other financial institution such as discount houses and bureaux de changes which were non-existence prior to 1986. Importantly, CBN data (2012)depicts the increases in the capital base of banks since the introduction of reforms.The capital base of all bank and financial institutions was rai sed in 1998, from 10 million to 500 million. Presently, after recapitalization in 2005, the capital base rose to 25 Billion Naira. However, the major negative economic effects of reform were excess liquidity, unstable exchange rate, high inflation and volatile interest rates. According to IndexMundi publication on Nigeria economy, inflation increased from 6. 26% in 1986 to about 49% in 1989, and reached the peak of 72% in 1995, depicting the highest rates recorded in Nigeria economy since 1986.CBN statistical data depicts macroeconomic indicators of money supply, inflation, and interest rates from 1986 when SAP was introduced. Money supply increased from about 24 Billion Naira in 1986 to 370 Billion Naira in 1996, and by 2006 money supply rose to four trillion Naira. The extreme volatility of inflation data within these periods demonstrate the instability of Nigerian economy which monetarists refer as monetary policy trap. On interest rates, CBN data shows that interest rate which w as 12% in 1986 jumped to 24% as of 1989.Since late 1990s to 2004, interest rates in Nigeria have remained above 20% and even reached 30% in 2002. What is the cause of interest rate variability and what is the determinant of interest rate in economy? Blanchard(2003) examines domestic factors such as inflation, money supply, GDP growth rate and exchange rates as key factors. Factors that distinguish developed and developing countries in interest rate regime are efficiency of macroeconomic policy, its operation and implementation strategy. Some weaknesses associated with developing economies are weak institutional and weak legal frameworks.In developing economy, there is always the problem of high interest rate spread because of excess risk taken by commercial banks. Excessive risk has potential to stall economic activities and GDP growth. In the case of Nigeria, combined with these characteristics of developing countries, has also problem of systemic corruption which tends to reduce t he efficiency of macroeconomic policy QUESTIONS OF MACROECONOMICS POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA This study will seek to provide the answer to the following questions. . What are the institutional frameworks for implementation ofmacroeconomic policy in Nigeria? b. What macroeconomic variables are the determinants of interest rate? c. What is the linkage between macroeconomic policy and macroeconomic variables? d. What are the challenges of macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigerian? e. What policy recommendations and implementation strategies are required for macroeconomic policy and sustainabledevelopment in Nigeria? AIM, OBJECTIVE, SCOPE, AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDYThe aim of this study is to identify and examine the two essential elements of Macroeconomics: the fiscalandmonetary policy. Different macroeconomics variables will also be surveyed and their impact on sustainable development in Nigeria. The broad objective of this study will beto asse ss the macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria. The specific objectives are: a. To examine the institutional frameworks and implementation ofmacroeconomic policy in Nigeria. b. To identify the macroeconomic variablesthat are the determinants of interest rate in Nigeria c.To determine the linkage between macroeconomic policy and macroeconomic variables. d. To evaluate the challenges of the macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria. e. To recommend and proffer implementation strategies for effective macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria? The scope covers the process of assessing the macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria from 1980 to 2012. This involves the evaluation of institutional framework and monetary policy of CBN.The following variables will be analysed: interest rate, real interest rate, inflation rate, exchange rate, risk premium, to determine their relationships with GDP growth rate and sustain able development in Nigeria. The limitations will be encountered as the study progresses. There might be some difficulties in assessing some documents from CBN and to compare CBN data with that World Bank and IMF. These  problems can be solved through the availability of reliable secondary data in the internet.THE SIGNIFICANCE, POLICY RELEVANCE, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THIS STUDY Major concern of policy makers and monetary authorities regarding macroeconomic variables are not about the existence of these variables themselves but their sizes, which fluctuate in response to volatility of other variables. The result of this study will add to the theory of interest rate and existing body of knowledge in macroeconomic policy by assisting the CBN to conduct effective monetary policy that can drive sustainable development in Nigeria.The policy-maker will be well-informed to make appropriate macroeconomic policy. Technical language of macroeconomics will be simplified for the benefits of individuals in their financial transactions. The knowledge of financial operators and their entrepreneur acumen will beenriched with the introduction of risk premium as a macroeconomic analysing tool. Proper Information is necessary to create Macroeconomic awareness. This research will survey different theories of macroeconomics with special focus on macroeconomic policy of CBN.The survey of various definitions of macroeconomic variables will be carried out. The classical theory Adam Smith(1776),  author of the Wealth of Nations and his follwers; also the Keynesian theory of, Keynes(1936),and the new classical theory of Hoover(1988). These theories have differing views on which institution or policy instruments thatare more effective than the other. However, Blanchard(2003) will be helpful in definition of interest rate theory which includes how inflation rate, expected inflation rate, money supply, and exchange raterelate to macroeconomic growth and stability.Barro(2008) will co mpare term structure of interest rate. Ackley(1971)will establish investment theory with emphasis in real interest rates. Very important in this research is risk premium which will be defined with Perloff(2007) theory on federal and capital market bonds. To compare relationship among monetary economic variables and complementary policy instruments of CBN, Udaba(2002) identifies Open Market Operations(OMO), Nigerian Inter-Bank Rate(NIBOR), Reserve Requirement(RR), Moral Suction, Special Deposit, and the activities of Monetary Policy Committee(MPC).There is also the Anyanwu and Oaikhenan(1995)model used to analyse the macroeconomic policy sustainability in Nigeria. Finally, for this study, Blanchard (2003) model will be used to analyse the institutional frameworks, macroeconomic variables and macroeconomic policies. METHODOLOGY This research work will be analysed through the combination of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. It will apply both the primary and secondar y sources of data collection. For estimation procedure, the study will employ Vector Autoregressive Model(VAR) and Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity(GARCH).The VAR model was developed by Sims(1980) and will be usedto capture the second objective while GARCH method by (Engle, 1982; Bollerslev, 1986) will be applied to capture third objectives. VAR model is theory-free model because some countries exhibit particular characteristics that sometimes are devoid of any economic theory. The choice of this model was because of its unique feature to bring out dynamic behaviour of macroeconomic variables. In the model, every variable is seen as endogenous variable that can be explained by its lagged value and lagged values of all other variables in the model.The GARCH model is a popular method in financial literatures used as reliable model for volatility. The model takes the form of a univariateAutoregressive (AR) process of variables in question and the variance as a function of squared innovations from this AR process. Unit Root Test and Co-Integration Test will be conducted to know the stationary position of the macroeconomic variables, their order of integrations, and to identify the number of equations that exist in the model. The Augmented Dickey Fuller(ADF) and Johnasen Method, Gujaranti and Porter(2009)are current statistical method for this research.Primary sources of data will be collected through pre-arranged oral interviews and solicitation for filling of questionnaires to knowledgeable individuals and experts in the field of monetary policy and financial institutions. There are needs to visit the headquarter of CBN, some banks,interact with policy makers and Nigerians from all walks of life. The secondary data will come from CBN Statistical Bulletin, NBS, World Bank and IMF Economic Outlook, economic journals, internet and electronic media.The NIPSS library will facilitate assess to some books and unpublished researchers. A sample size primary d ata source which will not be less than 50 respondents and willbe random collected from relevant offices and institutions. To conduct oral interviews and serve questionnaires, there are needs to visit the headquarter of CBN, some banks, interact with policy makers, Nigerians from all walks of life. The computer application will be E-view 3. 1 or above. This application handles Time-series data more efficiently.DEFINITION OF TERMS/CONCEPTUAL CLASSIFICATIONS Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heterscedasticity(GARCH) Generalised Autoregressive conditional heterscedasticity used in measuring volatility in macroeconomic Time Series. Limited to more of financial time series. Vector Autoregression(var) Vector Autoregressive, used to estimate the lagged value of a variables and its lagged value to other variables. Helps in solving multiple equations problems among macroeconomic variables and to identify bilateral causality between variable: e. g. nterest rate effect inflation and inflat ion effects interest rate. United Root Test A statistical instrument used to test the stationarity (or non-stationarity) of time series variables. United Root Test resulthelps to reject or accept the null hypothesis. Co-integration Test If two variables have long term or equilibrium relationship between them, they co-integrated e. g. Fisher’s quantity theory of money. In its application, the parameter of estimated variables is compare with its critical significance. Policy Ineffectiveness Theorem(PIT)The theorem based on New Classical economics that money is neutrality on money in macroeconomic policies. Conclusions This work is organised into five sections. Section One present the Backgrounds, Problems of Macroeconomic Policy and Sustainable Development in Nigeria, Research QuestionsAims of Study and Objectives of Study, the Scope of the Study, Limitations, the Significance of the Study/Policy Relevance, Theoretical Framework, Hypotheses of the Study and Methodology. Section Three, discusses the historical development of macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria.The focus here will be Monetary Policy of Central Bank of Nigeria, with specific study in interest rate determinant. Section Four will present data, content analysis and interpretations. Section five will display the overview of the research work include summary of findings, conclusions, recommendation and implementation strategies. References Ackley, G. (1971), Macroeconomics. UK: Macmillian Adam Smith, (1776). â€Å"Masterpiece:An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. †Edited by Edwin Cannan. Chicago: University  of  Chicago  Press,  1976.Available  online  at: http://www. econlib. org/library/Smith/smWN. html, 14/3/2013 Ampomg, K. O. (2005), â€Å"Inflation Targeting Monetary Policy-the Way Forward†,www. ghanaweb. com/ghanahomepage/features/artikel. phd? ID=80363. 12/3/2013 Anyanwu, J. C and H. E. Oaikhenan(1995),Modern Macro economics:Theory and Application in Nigeria. Onitsha:Joanee Educational Publishers Ltd. Blanchard, O. (2003), Macroeconomics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Bollerslev, T. (1986), â€Å"Generalised Autoregressive Condition Heteroscedasticity. †Journal of Econometrics, 31, 307-327.Barro,R. J. (2008), Macroeconomics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. CBN, (2011), â€Å"Monetary Policy Reform. † www. cenbank. org/monetarypolicy reforms. asp. 13/3/2013. Engle, R. F. (1982), â€Å"Autoregressive Condition Heterscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom. †Econometrical, 50, 987-1000. Gujarati, D. N. And Porter, D. C. (2009), â€Å"Basic Econometrics†. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Hoover, Kevin D. (1988), The New Classical Macroeconomics: A Sceptical Inquiry. Oxford: Blackwell IndexMundi, (2011), â€Å"Consumer Price†, www. indexmudi. om/nigeria/inflation rate%28consumerprice%29. html. 12/3/2013. Keynes, John M. (1935). The General Theory of E mployment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan. Obafemi,O. Thisday, â€Å"CBN and Financial Policy Implementation. †16 February, 2013. Ojomaikre, A. Guardian, â€Å"Nigeria is not Growing and Broke(1). † 25 June, 2012. Perloff, J. M. (2007), Microeconomics. New York: Pearson/Addison Wesley. Sims, A. A. (1980), â€Å"Macroeconomics and Reality. †Econometrical, 48, 10. Udaba, S. I. (2002), An Introduction to Nigerian Public Finance. Enugu:Linco Press. Macroeconomics Policy and Sustainable Development in Nigeria MACROECONOMICS POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION In normal economic condition, macroeconomic policy drivessustainable development of anation. The two main branches of macroeconomics policies are based on monetary and fiscal economics. Central Bank, the nationalapex bank controls the monetary policy while the Ministry of Financeplays major role in national fiscal policy. However, most economists concur that, synergy exists between micro-and macro-economics variables and two policy agents of government: the CBN and Ministry of Finance determine the success or the degree of sustainability of macroeconomic development.In support of theimportance of central bank in macroeconomic policy, Ampong(2005) posits that non-artificial central bank independency has beena source of great success for the management and stabilisation of macroeconomic variables in countries like Norway, Sweden, Israel, Iceland, Denmark, New Zealand, United Kingdom, etc. In essence, there is the ory gap among economists onthe level of central bank’s independence, especially in developing economy such as Nigeria where there have been constant agitating for curtailing of the CBN’s autonomy. Nigeria economy has passed many phases since the introduction of SAP by Babangida Government in 1986.The Abacha Government came up with Vision 2010, the Obasanjo with NEEDS, the Yar’dua with Nigeria Vision 20:2020 and presently, the Jonathan’s Transformation Agenda. From 1986, Nigeria had total of four CBN Governors plus the incumbent, MallamSanusiLamidoSanusi. CBN Bulletin (2011) enumerated policy contents of SAP with major objectives to remove the controls of interest rates, enhance the institutional structure and supervision. Most importantly, to strengthen the money and capital markets through policy changes and distress resolution measuresand to improve the linkages between formal and informal financial sectors.The removal of the control of interest rate th rough inflation targeting is somewhat the main focus of SAP. The concernsof the financial operators, the real sectors managers, the economists, and the policy analysts are the effectiveness of macroeconomic policy instruments of the CBN and the Ministry of Finance. Then, the impact in GDP growth rate,the stability of macroeconomic variables and the economic growth policy sustainability. In essence, citizens want to see how growth in GDP results to increase in employment, equal distribution of wealth, enabling business nvironment, and improvements in Human Development Index(HDI). National Bureau of Statistics, NBS (2013) data presents positive outlook of the annual macroeconomic variables in Nigeria as reported by CBN. From 1980 to 2012, the data depicts constant increase in GDP Growth Rate,stable money supply, controlled inflation Rate, favourable interest Rate, etc. The Monetary Policy Committee(MPC) has maintained interest rate at double digits since 2009. Many economists and poli cy analysts question the integrity of NBS macroeconomic data and the CBN reports on the state of the economy.Ojomaikre(2012) questions the rationale of a statement he accredited to Nigeria’s Finance Minister,NgoziOkonjo-Iweala that Nigeria is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Ojomaikre argues that Nigeria is not growing but broke. He asserts that government survey found out that, unemployment had increased across the country and was higher in rural than in urban areas. Similarly,he argues that the absolute poverty level had leapt from 54 per cent in 2006 to 70 per cent in 2010. The contradictions and argumentsregarding the growth of Nigeria economy and sustainability continue unabated.Obafemi(2013) supports some policies already implemented by the CBN in the last few years. He, however,questions the effectiveness of these policies in achieving the desired results and their sustainability. Sustainability in his opinion is about policy reversals when the presen t CBN Governor leaves office. Hoover(1988), posits that policy ineffectiveness theorem of New Classical school can be used to describe the current economic quagmire in Nigeria. PROBLEMS OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Nigeria’s financial sector witnessed seemly tremendous innovations preceding the SAP  in 1986.Objectives of SAP are to provide a liberalised and level playing field for the emergency of effective and efficient institutions that would serve as an engine of economic growth. As part of the reforms, CBN liberated the operating licenses of commercial banks. Their number rose from 40 in 1986 to 120 banks in 1992. The reforms led to the emergences of other financial institution such as discount houses and bureaux de changes which were non-existence prior to 1986. Importantly, CBN data (2012)depicts the increases in the capital base of banks since the introduction of reforms.The capital base of all bank and financial institutions was rai sed in 1998, from 10 million to 500 million. Presently, after recapitalization in 2005, the capital base rose to 25 Billion Naira. However, the major negative economic effects of reform were excess liquidity, unstable exchange rate, high inflation and volatile interest rates. According to IndexMundi publication on Nigeria economy, inflation increased from 6. 26% in 1986 to about 49% in 1989, and reached the peak of 72% in 1995, depicting the highest rates recorded in Nigeria economy since 1986.CBN statistical data depicts macroeconomic indicators of money supply, inflation, and interest rates from 1986 when SAP was introduced. Money supply increased from about 24 Billion Naira in 1986 to 370 Billion Naira in 1996, and by 2006 money supply rose to four trillion Naira. The extreme volatility of inflation data within these periods demonstrate the instability of Nigerian economy which monetarists refer as monetary policy trap. On interest rates, CBN data shows that interest rate which w as 12% in 1986 jumped to 24% as of 1989.Since late 1990s to 2004, interest rates in Nigeria have remained above 20% and even reached 30% in 2002. What is the cause of interest rate variability and what is the determinant of interest rate in economy? Blanchard(2003) examines domestic factors such as inflation, money supply, GDP growth rate and exchange rates as key factors. Factors that distinguish developed and developing countries in interest rate regime are efficiency of macroeconomic policy, its operation and implementation strategy. Some weaknesses associated with developing economies are weak institutional and weak legal frameworks.In developing economy, there is always the problem of high interest rate spread because of excess risk taken by commercial banks. Excessive risk has potential to stall economic activities and GDP growth. In the case of Nigeria, combined with these characteristics of developing countries, has also problem of systemic corruption which tends to reduce t he efficiency of macroeconomic policy QUESTIONS OF MACROECONOMICS POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA This study will seek to provide the answer to the following questions. . What are the institutional frameworks for implementation ofmacroeconomic policy in Nigeria? b. What macroeconomic variables are the determinants of interest rate? c. What is the linkage between macroeconomic policy and macroeconomic variables? d. What are the challenges of macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigerian? e. What policy recommendations and implementation strategies are required for macroeconomic policy and sustainabledevelopment in Nigeria? AIM, OBJECTIVE, SCOPE, AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDYThe aim of this study is to identify and examine the two essential elements of Macroeconomics: the fiscalandmonetary policy. Different macroeconomics variables will also be surveyed and their impact on sustainable development in Nigeria. The broad objective of this study will beto asse ss the macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria. The specific objectives are: a. To examine the institutional frameworks and implementation ofmacroeconomic policy in Nigeria. b. To identify the macroeconomic variablesthat are the determinants of interest rate in Nigeria c.To determine the linkage between macroeconomic policy and macroeconomic variables. d. To evaluate the challenges of the macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria. e. To recommend and proffer implementation strategies for effective macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria? The scope covers the process of assessing the macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria from 1980 to 2012. This involves the evaluation of institutional framework and monetary policy of CBN.The following variables will be analysed: interest rate, real interest rate, inflation rate, exchange rate, risk premium, to determine their relationships with GDP growth rate and sustain able development in Nigeria. The limitations will be encountered as the study progresses. There might be some difficulties in assessing some documents from CBN and to compare CBN data with that World Bank and IMF. These  problems can be solved through the availability of reliable secondary data in the internet.THE SIGNIFICANCE, POLICY RELEVANCE, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THIS STUDY Major concern of policy makers and monetary authorities regarding macroeconomic variables are not about the existence of these variables themselves but their sizes, which fluctuate in response to volatility of other variables. The result of this study will add to the theory of interest rate and existing body of knowledge in macroeconomic policy by assisting the CBN to conduct effective monetary policy that can drive sustainable development in Nigeria.The policy-maker will be well-informed to make appropriate macroeconomic policy. Technical language of macroeconomics will be simplified for the benefits of individuals in their financial transactions. The knowledge of financial operators and their entrepreneur acumen will beenriched with the introduction of risk premium as a macroeconomic analysing tool. Proper Information is necessary to create Macroeconomic awareness. This research will survey different theories of macroeconomics with special focus on macroeconomic policy of CBN.The survey of various definitions of macroeconomic variables will be carried out. The classical theory Adam Smith(1776),  author of the Wealth of Nations and his follwers; also the Keynesian theory of, Keynes(1936),and the new classical theory of Hoover(1988). These theories have differing views on which institution or policy instruments thatare more effective than the other. However, Blanchard(2003) will be helpful in definition of interest rate theory which includes how inflation rate, expected inflation rate, money supply, and exchange raterelate to macroeconomic growth and stability.Barro(2008) will co mpare term structure of interest rate. Ackley(1971)will establish investment theory with emphasis in real interest rates. Very important in this research is risk premium which will be defined with Perloff(2007) theory on federal and capital market bonds. To compare relationship among monetary economic variables and complementary policy instruments of CBN, Udaba(2002) identifies Open Market Operations(OMO), Nigerian Inter-Bank Rate(NIBOR), Reserve Requirement(RR), Moral Suction, Special Deposit, and the activities of Monetary Policy Committee(MPC).There is also the Anyanwu and Oaikhenan(1995)model used to analyse the macroeconomic policy sustainability in Nigeria. Finally, for this study, Blanchard (2003) model will be used to analyse the institutional frameworks, macroeconomic variables and macroeconomic policies. METHODOLOGY This research work will be analysed through the combination of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. It will apply both the primary and secondar y sources of data collection. For estimation procedure, the study will employ Vector Autoregressive Model(VAR) and Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity(GARCH).The VAR model was developed by Sims(1980) and will be usedto capture the second objective while GARCH method by (Engle, 1982; Bollerslev, 1986) will be applied to capture third objectives. VAR model is theory-free model because some countries exhibit particular characteristics that sometimes are devoid of any economic theory. The choice of this model was because of its unique feature to bring out dynamic behaviour of macroeconomic variables. In the model, every variable is seen as endogenous variable that can be explained by its lagged value and lagged values of all other variables in the model.The GARCH model is a popular method in financial literatures used as reliable model for volatility. The model takes the form of a univariateAutoregressive (AR) process of variables in question and the variance as a function of squared innovations from this AR process. Unit Root Test and Co-Integration Test will be conducted to know the stationary position of the macroeconomic variables, their order of integrations, and to identify the number of equations that exist in the model. The Augmented Dickey Fuller(ADF) and Johnasen Method, Gujaranti and Porter(2009)are current statistical method for this research.Primary sources of data will be collected through pre-arranged oral interviews and solicitation for filling of questionnaires to knowledgeable individuals and experts in the field of monetary policy and financial institutions. There are needs to visit the headquarter of CBN, some banks,interact with policy makers and Nigerians from all walks of life. The secondary data will come from CBN Statistical Bulletin, NBS, World Bank and IMF Economic Outlook, economic journals, internet and electronic media.The NIPSS library will facilitate assess to some books and unpublished researchers. A sample size primary d ata source which will not be less than 50 respondents and willbe random collected from relevant offices and institutions. To conduct oral interviews and serve questionnaires, there are needs to visit the headquarter of CBN, some banks, interact with policy makers, Nigerians from all walks of life. The computer application will be E-view 3. 1 or above. This application handles Time-series data more efficiently.DEFINITION OF TERMS/CONCEPTUAL CLASSIFICATIONS Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heterscedasticity(GARCH) Generalised Autoregressive conditional heterscedasticity used in measuring volatility in macroeconomic Time Series. Limited to more of financial time series. Vector Autoregression(var) Vector Autoregressive, used to estimate the lagged value of a variables and its lagged value to other variables. Helps in solving multiple equations problems among macroeconomic variables and to identify bilateral causality between variable: e. g. nterest rate effect inflation and inflat ion effects interest rate. United Root Test A statistical instrument used to test the stationarity (or non-stationarity) of time series variables. United Root Test resulthelps to reject or accept the null hypothesis. Co-integration Test If two variables have long term or equilibrium relationship between them, they co-integrated e. g. Fisher’s quantity theory of money. In its application, the parameter of estimated variables is compare with its critical significance. Policy Ineffectiveness Theorem(PIT)The theorem based on New Classical economics that money is neutrality on money in macroeconomic policies. Conclusions This work is organised into five sections. Section One present the Backgrounds, Problems of Macroeconomic Policy and Sustainable Development in Nigeria, Research QuestionsAims of Study and Objectives of Study, the Scope of the Study, Limitations, the Significance of the Study/Policy Relevance, Theoretical Framework, Hypotheses of the Study and Methodology. Section Three, discusses the historical development of macroeconomic policy and sustainable development in Nigeria.The focus here will be Monetary Policy of Central Bank of Nigeria, with specific study in interest rate determinant. Section Four will present data, content analysis and interpretations. Section five will display the overview of the research work include summary of findings, conclusions, recommendation and implementation strategies. References Ackley, G. (1971), Macroeconomics. UK: Macmillian Adam Smith, (1776). â€Å"Masterpiece:An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. †Edited by Edwin Cannan. Chicago: University  of  Chicago  Press,  1976.Available  online  at: http://www. econlib. org/library/Smith/smWN. html, 14/3/2013 Ampomg, K. O. (2005), â€Å"Inflation Targeting Monetary Policy-the Way Forward†,www. ghanaweb. com/ghanahomepage/features/artikel. phd? ID=80363. 12/3/2013 Anyanwu, J. C and H. E. Oaikhenan(1995),Modern Macro economics:Theory and Application in Nigeria. Onitsha:Joanee Educational Publishers Ltd. Blanchard, O. (2003), Macroeconomics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Bollerslev, T. (1986), â€Å"Generalised Autoregressive Condition Heteroscedasticity. †Journal of Econometrics, 31, 307-327.Barro,R. J. (2008), Macroeconomics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. CBN, (2011), â€Å"Monetary Policy Reform. † www. cenbank. org/monetarypolicy reforms. asp. 13/3/2013. Engle, R. F. (1982), â€Å"Autoregressive Condition Heterscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom. †Econometrical, 50, 987-1000. Gujarati, D. N. And Porter, D. C. (2009), â€Å"Basic Econometrics†. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Hoover, Kevin D. (1988), The New Classical Macroeconomics: A Sceptical Inquiry. Oxford: Blackwell IndexMundi, (2011), â€Å"Consumer Price†, www. indexmudi. om/nigeria/inflation rate%28consumerprice%29. html. 12/3/2013. Keynes, John M. (1935). The General Theory of E mployment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan. Obafemi,O. Thisday, â€Å"CBN and Financial Policy Implementation. †16 February, 2013. Ojomaikre, A. Guardian, â€Å"Nigeria is not Growing and Broke(1). † 25 June, 2012. Perloff, J. M. (2007), Microeconomics. New York: Pearson/Addison Wesley. Sims, A. A. (1980), â€Å"Macroeconomics and Reality. †Econometrical, 48, 10. Udaba, S. I. (2002), An Introduction to Nigerian Public Finance. Enugu:Linco Press.